GCC International Relations

GCC International Relations Introduction Theoretical view represents a set of thinking focused towards scientific or scholarly inquiry widely recognized and accepted within particular discipline. Therefore, global politics can well be analyzed through the study of theories in international relations. Study based on international domain can be understood through underlying principles of realist, liberal as well as radical traditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GCC International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Realism and liberalism present some of the most dominant theories in International Relations. Classical thinking usually focuses on the positive outcome on such prospects of peace, cooperation as well as human progression. On the contrary, idealism focuses on prospects surrounding human nature as well as possibilities (Sasley, 2011). Dominant theoretical frameworks within International Relations Realism is one of the dominan t theoretical frameworks that focuses on the existing propensity applicable in resolving conflict between states. The theory was discovered to be dominant theoretical tradition during the Cold War (Sasley, 2011). The theory largely exposes international affairs as self-seeking struggle for power amongst states and is known to generally focus on the positive prospects which can be utilized in the process of eliminating conflict and major squabbles (Sasley, 2011). The theory is outlined by powerful principles and explanations for various domains within international relations such as war and imperialism amongst other international phenomena. Classical realists believed in the fact that states had the domineering character comparable to that of human beings. Such innate desire makes some states to consider themselves superior based on resources as well as political affiliations. This contributes to wars amongst nations since classical virtues and balance-of-power system seemed difficul t to adopt in some nations. However, the neorealist theory focused majorly on consequences of international system rather than human nature (Sasley, 2011). Liberalism encompassed several liberal thought which argued based on principles of economic interdependence. This was viewed as major channel which would be utilized to discourage states from applying forceful actions against each other. On the other hand, democracy was one of the key determinants of world peace based on the comparison on affairs between democratic and authoritarian states. Selfish behaviors emanating from states could easily be dealt with through International agencies; this is since various states are made to forego immediate gains for long-term benefits based on lasting cooperation. Liberal theories focused on the fact that cooperation was more pervasive compared to defensive principles of realism (Sasley, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More The issue on international security amongst GCC member states needs to consider various approaches capable of providing lasting peaceful co-existence. Economic empowerment emerged as one of the reliable approaches which could be utilized to ensure stability within countries in accordance to Liberalism approach (Abdulla, 1994). Future economic growth within the GCC member states should be used as center stage for peaceful coexistence. There is a need for GCC member states to encourage adoption of holistic approach towards solution of various internal conflicts. Economic levels within the region have been largely affected by lack of accommodative agreements since each state seems to be independent. The current economic status of the GCC countries calls for policymakers and business leaders to generate ideas capable of withstanding the volatile situation surrounding the region. There is a need of adopting principles of economic interdependen ce for the purposes of providing the region with required policies, knowledge, skills as well as capabilities of trading favorable within the global market. There are several government intervention programs which the policymakers should adopt for the purposes of attaining intended results. Such measures include reinforcement of strategies capable of combating problems within regional workforce, upgrading existing relationships between governments and external agencies. Such measures enable development of important institutions capable of bridging existing gaps between GCC states (Shimko, 2009). For the purposes of dealing with conflicts within the region, GCC governments and policymakers should adopt and implement comprehensive democratic programs capable of providing quality research and evaluation programs capable of developing of professional skills within the region. This can be made possible through organization of seminars and workshops aimed at developing comprehensive GCC d iplomatic intelligence. There is a need for comprehensive establishment of relationships with foreign agencies with the ability of upgrading quality of education system by incorporating cost-effective measures. The nature of regions resources, basically oil resources, contributes towards the region’s crucial economic as well as social changes. These could be clearly seen during the economic boom of between 1970s and early 1980s. And, at the same time, economic recession of late 1980s and 1990s. The sharp increase in the global oil prices in the early 1980s made these countries to recycle windfall oil gains through the lenient welfare system characterized by generosity, and tremendous public investment which focused on infrastructure, utilities as well as basic industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GCC International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to cope with these policies, the GCC governments performed the role of first employment resort which consequently led to overcrowding within the public sector as well as increased government expenditures on salary issues. The move made the GCC governments to encourage citizens to join the public service sectors of government through giving them attractive pension as well as social allowances for their respective families. The social contract structures led to convergence of more than 85% of the native workers within the public employment hence resulting into underemployment. The issue on social contract and its benefits created a society largely influenced by leisure patterns hence increase on the returns towards leisure since people worked less hours but spent much time on vacations. This made the GCC countries pursue open border policies which welcomed foreign workers; this ensured sufficient supply of labor at competitive wages at all skill levels. However, wages earned by the natives were higher than those of forei gn workers at comparable skills. The countries of the GCC faced unique challenges originating from the fact that the oil resource that they largely depended upon was exhaustible, volatile and at the same time uncertain. The negative effects on the oil market and the economic catastrophe of the 1990s as well as regional conflicts reduced the rate of growth to a large extent within the GCC countries creating strain within the labour markets. These effects led to budget deficits within the GCC countries leading to retrench of several social programs which ultimately created large loopholes within the employment sector since the governments were later unable to provide sufficient employment opportunities to the public (International Monetary Fund, 2001). The issue of unemployment can as well be dealt with through collaboration between governments, business and industry. Focus and development of people’s skills and talents makes companies benefit much. Public and private companies should invest much of their resources in developing skills since the ultimate result is endless dividends. There is an opportunity for policy makers to utilize the presence of expatriates by utilizing their skills in teaching various industries such as carpentry, building and construction. The tradesmen can be utilized to superbly mentor many national apprentices.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The governments can utilize policies which encourages hiring of skilled foreign craftsmen capable of teaching the same skills to the unemployed. Companies dealing with such programs can coordinate well with the government by exchanging their employees with government financial compensation. GCC member states should treat training as an investment; they should design programs capable of increasing students’ chances to employment in the corporate world by aligning the nature of the courses with industry standards. Similar program yielded results in the countries India and Singapore where they utilized Infosys program to connect campus students with industries in the marketplace. Such programs play important role in developing GCC human capital since it helps in decreasing the level of skill gap and increase the level of youth’s participation within the marketplace. Major security threats facing GCC states One of the security threats facing GCC countries is the intensifyi ng nature of Iran’s nuclear project. Such security dilemmas focuse on some of the crucial aspects found within international politics. There exists what is referred to as classical security dilemma where allocation of resources by governments to programs focused on security issues is never mandatory. On the same note, the other security dilemma is referred to as alliance dilemma where management of relations amongst state allies and adversaries are done simultaneously. At the same time, majority of the regimes within Persian Gulf indulges in trade-off as a result of over-reliance on protection and policies from foreign countries. Additionally, there is a profound dilemma amongst Gulf States when it comes to making choices between creating strategic partnerships with foreign agencies and at the same time protecting the region from global rivalries and disputes. The GCC states are known to be hesitant especially when it comes to creation and implementation of security-based pro grams. This has made GCC countries be more independent hence focusing on personal interests. There is no major overarching authority capable of providing regional security for the member states. Such scenario creates moments of discomfort within other states especially in the event that one state carries out security-producing programs for the purposes of safeguarding self-interests. This is since other states might interpret such actions as acts of hostility and grievous threat to regional peace. Actions taken by some states in arming themselves against weak neighbors stage a threat to peaceful intentions from willing states, hence provoking adoption of risky measures for protection purposes. For instance, improvement in Saudi Arabia’s military capabilities after the Gulf war prompted other neighboring states to upgrade their armament capabilities. Notably, the rise in armory upgrade within Persian Gulf states especially presence of weapons less useful for territorial defens e has created unnecessary tension making GCC regional security more dangerous (Lawson, 2004). Concerning alliance dilemma approach towards adversaries varies between moderate and inordinate belligerence and conciliation analysis methods. Acts of moderate hostility towards adversary member states may at times ignite allies to focus in the process of undertaking adventurous initiatives capable of polarizing the whole region. Allies within the region are always more attentive towards hostility from adversaries. However, considerate actions towards adversaries at times lead towards preemptive realignment. The other dilemma concerns balancing stability between external and internal defense (Lawson, 2004). Factors influencing security in GCC states Some of the major factors influencing security in GCC states include economic status as well as nature of relationship existing amongst the member states, i.e. influence from Iran and Iraq states. GCC appears to be a comprehensive group owing t o their close ties to western countries. There is significant degree of mistrust existing between GCC member states and their counterparts Iran and Iraq. This is based on similar political, economic as well as social systems. Regional turmoil experienced in the Iranian Revolution as well as Iraq-Iran war made security to be one of the most prioritized factors within the GCC region. However, despite the Arab Gulf states coming together within the framework of multicultural organization, two main antagonists within the region, Iran and Iraq, were left out of the arrangement. This clearly depicts Iran and Iraq, as likely influence on the security deterioration within the region (Lawson, 2004). Government Interventions in GCC member states The GCC member states should involve themselves in signing agreements capable of providing necessary peaceful relations amongst the member countries. The agreements should incorporate adequate understanding and being considerate of GCC all states irre spective of their military or resource prowess. There should also be elaborate consideration on foreign individuals and countries capable of granting them right to foreign establishments including freedom of movement and investment within the region. Majority of restrictive rules various states within GCC applied during earlier regimes should be abolished; these include laws on military restrictions and those based on trade such as discriminatory taxes, restrictions on application and utilization of local commercial inputs and licensing schemes. In dealing with classical security dilemma, there should be elaborate plans by member countries on ways of improving the level of understanding based on technology and adequate management of available resources. This would assist in enhancing the level of resource allocation within various government sectors. At the same time, it is necessary for governments to retain capital and improve the level of competition since this would assist in bu ilding local investment plans (Dadush and Falcao, 2011). In dealing with alliance dilemma, GCC member states should focus on provision of multilateral service liberization. Member countries should enact regulatory changes favorable to all countries both allies and adversaries. These may include privatization based on acceptable policies and agreements devoid of rigid schemes hence capable of incorporating various government intervention measures towards peaceful coexistence (Almezaini, 2011). The region is recognized as rich in oil and other minerals hence for the sake of upgrading economic standards of member states, various governments should utilize the non-oil sector for the purposes stabilizing resource outflow from various economic sectors. GCC member states should, at the same time, organize workable policies capable of handling issues within public sector since this helps in improving region’s image and at the same time encourage nationals to invest in skills capable of creating impact within the region. In addition to this, the governments should ensure necessary measures capable of separating internal and external policies capable of ensuring social benefits within the public sector hence making all states beneficiaries of intended policies. The other sensitive issue is the establishment of clear set of rules dealing with duties, fines and penalties which actually reinforces overall cooperation policies amongst GCC states. References Abdulla, A. (1994). The Gulf Cooperation Council, Journal of Social affairs, 9(35) Almezaini, K. (2011). The UAE Foreign Policy, Middle East International, 5(44), 1-133 Dadush, U., Falcao, L. (2009). Regional Arrangements in the Arabian Gulf.  Deloitte Middle East, Carnegie Policy Outlook, 1, 4-12 International Monetary Fund. (2001).The Cooperation Council of the Arab States of  The Gulf (GCC): Strategy for Sustainable Growth with Macroeconomic Stability. IMF Washington DC. Lawson, F. (2004. Security Dilemmas in the contemporary Persian Gulf, Middle East  International, 2(32). Sasley, B. (2011). International Relations through IR Theory, OrtadoÄŸu Età ¼tleri, 2(2), 9 32. Shimko, K. (2009). International Relations Perspectives, Controversies and Readings, Purdue University: Wordsworth Cengage Learning

Ethcial Issues in the Financial services Industry Term Paper

Ethcial Issues in the Financial services Industry - Term Paper Example It is considered that general people tend to consider the field of financial services as more unethical as compared to other areas of business. This is considered as such mostly because of the fact that the industry is considered to be quite large. 2 Ethical issues are considered to have a huge importance in the industry of financial services because numerous people are considered to be consumers of such services. General people tend to consider this field as more unethical as compared to other areas of business. This is mostly because of the fact that the industry is considered to be quite large. It comprises mortgage lenders, pension funds, investment banks, mutual fund organizations, insurance organizations, securities firms, and banks. The industry is considered to make lot of headlines which tout for its ethical lapses due to its vast size. Intermediaries that operate in the field of financial services must follow standards of the industry, rules of law, and act in an ethical manner. The organizations operating in the financial services industry conduct numerous meetings with regard to marketing of financial services, investment analysis, technology training, and new product training but there is very less importance placed with regard to ethical training. The thinking of organizations must be changed in this regard such that ethical training forms part of conferences in financial service organizations and should have a significant number of attendances. The financial services industry is considered to provide essential services which can be considered as fundamental to modern society and economy. It provides services such as safeguarding money of the general public and providing them with domestic lending services. In this regard, it can be said that considering the vital role that financial service organizations play, it is logical to

Luis Angel Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital Essay

Luis Angel Perez v. The New York and Presbyterian Hospital - Essay Example On August 15, 2003, when Dr. Nunez observed the plaintiff speaking to a patient in a room in Spanish and had an argument with him, he wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith. The hospital prefers hiring bilingual English/Spanish-speakers for the Mental Health Workers as the patients in the Psychiatric Unit include approximately 30% monolingual Spanish-speaking and 50% who are bilingual. The defendant was frequently asked to translate to Spanish speaking patients who were not having the ability to communicate in English. Defendants allegations that his nursing supervisors had used ethnic slurs and had engaged in conduct denigrating him because of his origin was unprofessional as well as mocking patients with limited English proficiency. On August 15, 2003, Dr. Nunez observed the defendant speaking to a patient in Spanish in the patient’s room. He had an argument with the plaintiff who wrote a letter to Dr. Nunez implying that he was acting out of good faith. The plaintiff occasionally talked in Spanish to his fellow workers, but it is not in the patients presence. He did this in the presence of the patients, for instance, when talking to the clerk in an office, away from the patients and with the security guard. Perez suffered from his choice of speaking Spanish to the patients and workers who he did not cause harm to as he risked his job. The first amendment guarantees individuals freedom of expressing themselves freely and guarantees citizens the right to assemble peaceably. Perez communication to his fellow Spanish counterparts in the Medical facility was his right, as it never happened in the presence of a patient. A Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that an employee cannot be segregated. The employees should not be classified in a manner that deprives any individual of employment opportunities because of an individual’s race, color and or other

Transformatiomal Leadership Essay Example for Free

Transformatiomal Leadership Essay Leadership is the quality of an individuals behavior whereby he is able to guide the people or their activities towards certain goals. 1. INTRODUCTION Leadership is the ability to get work done with and through others, while at the same time winning their confidence, respect, loyalty and willing co-operation. The first part of this definition is the same as for management. It is the second half, which highlights the difference between a leader and a non-leader. Managers who possess the quality of guiding and directing the subordinates in an organization to perform their jobs efficiently can be called business leaders. A leader interprets the objectives of the group and guides it towards the achievement of these objectives. Leadership means different things to different people, and sometimes the most effective leaders can appear not to be leading at all. Good leadership is essential in all aspects of managerial functions whether, it be motivation, communication or direction. Good leadership ensures success in the organization, and unsatisfactory human performance in any organization can be primarily attributed to poor leadership. Total performance is the result of a host of factors and not of leadership alone, hence can be evaluated in the light of these factors. A leader influences others by his qualities, viz. confidence, communicative ability, awareness of his impact on others as well as perceptions about the situation and his subordinates. The effect of a leaders background experiences, his communication ability, self-awareness, confidence, his perceptions of subordinates, the situation and the self are shown below: SOCIAL VALUES ECONOMIC CONDITIONS LEADER STRUCTURE FOLLOWERS POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS Fig. 5 Qualities of Leader [Source: Taken from, Prasad LM, (2006) Organizational Behavior, Fig 26.1 p 287] All these factors interact together to determine the leaders ability to influence others. 2. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP The concepts of transformation and transaction leadership was first introduced by James MacGregor Burns (1978), what was once the treatment of political leadership is now widely used in the fields of organizational psychology. Leaders who raises the motivation of followers to reach far beyond their established standards and that promotes effective change individually and holistically in organizations are all characteristics of a transformational leader. In contrast, transactional leaders are extrinsic motivators, they accepts the given goals and just do it. In order for us to better understand what each of these leadership styles have to often and how effective they are we need to examine the makeup of these concepts According to Burns (1978) the style of transformational leadership is comprise of four components: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration: 1. Idealized influence A leader who shows idealized influence is someone who is usually not affair to make very compelling conviction on a stand that they strongly believe in but not necessary the popular stand. Followers often admire idealized influence leaders as they have a clear set of values that they follow and demonstrate as a role model in which followers can identify with the leader by. This trait has a direct relationship to managing one’s own emotion in the concept of emotional intelligences (Barling et al., 2000). Leaders can serve as a respectable role model for their followers when they able to display self-control on their emotions which thereby enhances the trust of the relationship. 2. Inspirational motivation The second component of the transformational leadership style is inspirational motivation. As a visionary leader, they can articulate their vision in a powerful persuasive appealing manner that it is naturally inspiring to followers. They will consistently and optimistically communicate the meaning for the task at hand as well as challenging their followers to reach higher than the establish standards. By being able to understand and realize what a follower’s potential is, the leader can better set goals and push the follower towards success more effectively. This is directly related to the understanding of others component of emotional intelligences. 3. Intellectual stimulation The third is the art of intellectual stimulation. Leaders who are high in intellectual stimulation usually encourage creativity in their followers by setting up an aroma to permit trail and error. Furthermore, these leaders often encourage followers to take risk, follow their own instincts, and there is no such thing as a â€Å"stupid â€Å"suggestion. 4. Individualized consideration Lastly, the component of individualized consideration is the degree of the leader’s ability to listen, understand, and attend to the needs of their followers. Making sure that their followers are getting the respect they deserve for their accomplishment. Perhaps being there, as a mentor or a coach for their career advancements or to be a sympathetic support when problematic issues arise. Being able to correctly realize and understand the needs of followers a leader should be evident in the empathy component of emotional intelligences. In contrast the transactional leadership that is very often associated with laissez-fair leadership is more action oriented. It is comprised of two components: Contingent rewards and management-by-exception (Burns 1978). This type of leadership is very distinct in ways that it is very reward oriented. Leaders utilize the promises to reward for good performance and reorganizations to entice followers to perform at their best. Management-by-exception refers to a practice that leaders are there to make sure things continue to work as they are working now. The attitude around these leaders are â€Å"if it isn’t broken, don’t fix it†, they only intercept when something is going wrong. The management-by-exception leaders are leaders that are very detail oriented and are at a constant alert for things going wrong where they are quick to fix immediate problems. TRANSFORMING LEADERSHIP 3. Visionary Enabler Transforming leadership requires the leader to direct his energies outwards rather than inwards. The focus is on relinquishing the controller/ manipulator in favor of the visionary enabler. To do this, the groups full potential must be allowed to develop by always using the style congruent with their ability and willingness or one even slightly higher on the trusting side. Unfortunately, the opposite is often the case and the group is over led rather than under led. Over leading often-called macho using a style more controlling than appropriate for the groups ability and willingness. It can arise from both personal, psychological reasons and from forces in the organizational and hierarchical structure (Ahuja K, 2005, p.698). The feeling persists that management knows best and that true leadership means the exertion of authority in order to get a reluctant workforce to perform duties to which it contributes little beyond elementary, regimented skills. Managers with such an outlook consistently over lead groups by being more interventionist than necessary. The tendency to over lead is often compounded by the organizational climate. If the top management exhibits, macho, tendencies it is very difficult for a manager to pursue a progression of styles towards trust. If he does, it will be seen as weakness and an abdication of management responsibility rather than a positive process of development. 4. Organizational Constraints to Leadership Role Organizational constraints can be very powerful and, for that reason, it is important that any serious effort at leadership training should begin at the top to ensure that everyone in the hierarchy understands the philosophy and supports the new approach. Transforming Leadership is concerned with the choice of Leadership role, it is generally outward looking long term and proactive. Transforming leadership focus is on vision and values relating to individual and organization. It develops an individual and generates new ideas. It releases energy by creating a sense of belonging and excitement in the job. Visionary/Enabler is the transforming leader required in increasingly complex situation, where performance is difficult to measure directly. Visionary/Enabler creates a mental attitude in a team, creates a feeling that you can do it and ensures that things are possible and success is in all what we are doing. Visionary/Enabler creates a climate of success and a sense of belonging. Visionary/Enabler emphasis that the individual can create a feeling in them, that they will be developed. It promotes self-control and encourages the workforce by giving them responsibilities and ensuring success. Visionary/ Enabler creates a sense of excitement in the job (Ahuja K, 2005, 714). 5. Changes Transforming Leadership Due to changing technology and changing social expectations, industry and commerce is becoming increasingly complex and inter-dependent. As a consequence, work requires higher levels of individual skill and management expertise. These pressures make the, controller, style of management less and less appropriate. As the technical skill of jobs in industry increases, an increasing reliance must be placed on self-motivation of the workforce to ensure high performance. It is marginal effort that makes the crucial difference between satisfactory and outstanding performance. Whereas normal levels of output can be more or less controlled, the marginal effort, which is so crucial, is very much at the discretion of the subordinate. For this reason, the transforming leadership role is increasingly essential. Transforming leadership is required to get the best out of knowledgeable workers (Prasad, 2006, 294). In today’s, complex, knowledge based working environment it is increasingly difficult to measure the subordinates, output. Control becomes impossible and has to be replaced by trust and transforming leadership. As the world grows more complex, the individual is not able to understand it alone. Reliance has to be placed on the specialist knowledge of the team requiring creation of the right climate for that knowledge to be applied. The group must be developed to maximize learning and the increase of the knowledge base. Such a climate will also encourage synergy and the sparking of creative interactions (Ahuja K, 2005, 552). Transforming leadership is required to accelerate the shift of the point of congruence in the direction of the visionary/enabler. The transforming leader consciously fights the lure of the interventionist. He creates a sense of vision to inspire the group and place on the team members the responsibility for making decisions and solving their own relationship problems. The transforming leader adopts the visionary/enabler role and frees his followers from the dead hand of the interventionist and transactional routine. Transforming leadership concentrates on the leader in the visionary/enabler role and on avoiding the seductive alternative roles that tend to trap leaders into various forms of controller/manipulator behavior. The transforming leader acts as a visionary/enabler to develop the individual capabilities of his team members and to mould them into a fully functioning team. Above all, he is concerned to create a sense of mission, which will give the team a vision of what their job is all about. This vision carries the group beyond the narrow confines of daily routine and puts work into a context of meaning and value (Prasad, 2006, 364). The transforming leader acts-as a contributor or a catalyst, always-keeping to moderate levels of task and relationships behavior 6. Literature Review Leadership is he ability to get work done with and through others while gaining heir confidence and cooperation. Almost every aspect of work is influenced by, or dependent on, leadership. Leaders have three limiting factors- their own knowledge, and skills, their subordinate’s skills, and the work environment. Formal leaders (managers, supervisors) are appointed to groups by the organization, and group members choose informal leaders. Formal leaders aim to achieve organizational objectives, whereas informal leaders satisfy the group’s needs for friendship and recognition. There are four key sources of leadership: Legitimate power, which comes from being appointed by the organization into a leadership role; expertise or skill power, which comes from having knowledge or skills which will help the group to achieve goals; respect or affection power, where a leader who is liked and respected b subordinates, peers and superiors, will have influence over a group of people; and reward/ coercive power, which comes from the power to influence pay, promotion and recognition of followers. (Yvonne, 2003 196) There are three main approaches to understanding leadership: traits (which involves identifying traits which characterize successful leaders); behavioral (which focuses on leadership functions and style); and contingency (which focuses on situations, matching leadership style with circumstances). There are a number of factors influencing a leader’s effectiveness. These range from the leaders background, experience, and expectations, to the organization’s policies and procedures, and to the prevailing industry trends, and social norms. Bass (1978) suggested that transformational leaders exhibit three key characteristics. These are ïÆ'Ëœ Charisma ïÆ'Ëœ Individualized considerations; ïÆ'Ëœ Intellectual simulation. Transformational leaders are able to arouse enthusiasm, general energy and inspire respect. They also work towards helping others to realize their potential through attention to training and development and at the same time treating others with respect. They also stimulate the imagination of their followers and encourage them to stretch their capabilities. Transformational leadership isn’t a substitute for transactional leadership; rather it can be seen as going a step beyond transactional leadership. Transformational leaders are more likely to emerge in times of turbulence and rapid change. In today’s circumstances where we are experiencing accelerating change transformational leadership offers an opportunity for improved performance. (Yvonne, 2003 197) There is no set formula on how to be an effective leader, but research has highlighted some useful points relating to training style, nature of work and subordinates, and the need to act like a leader. 7. CONLUSION No one is a born leader. People may have certain abilities that enable them to develop into a leader, but they have to work at it. A successful leader is one who is keenly aware of those forces, which are more relevant to his behavior at any given time. He accurately understands himself, the individuals and the group he is dealing with, and the organization and the broader social environment in which he operates (Tannenbaum Schmidt, 1993, 178). However, merely understanding these factors correctly is not enough but he can be successful only when he is able to behave appropriately in the light of these perceptions and understanding. Thus,   The successful manager of men can be primarily characterized neither as a strong leader nor as a permissive one. Rather he is one who maintains a high batting average in accurately assessing the forces that determine what his most appropriate behavior at any given time should be and in actually being able to behave accordingly. Being both insightful and flexible, he is less likely to see the problem of leadership as a dilemma.† (Tannenbaum Schmidt, 1993, 178). Leadership in business is never a bossism because the leader is not synonym of the boss.   A boss depends upon his authority and as such always drives and orders, but a leader relies upon his confidence and goodwill and always believes in coaching and advising his subordinates. Leaders can enhance their performance by adopting a Transformational leadership approach. The successful leadership calls for   `The ability to comprehend that human being has different motivating forces in different situations, the ability to inspire, and ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate for responding to and arousing motivations.’ References Ahuja K. (2005) Personnel Management. Kalyani Publishers. Calcutta. 425-775 Barling, J., Weber, T. and Kelloway, E.K. (1996), â€Å"Effects of Transformational Leadership Training on Attitudinal and Fiscal Outcomes: A Field Experiment†, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol 81, pp827-32 Barling, Julian, Frank Slater, and E. Kevin Kelloway. â€Å"Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: an exploratory study.† Emerald Volume 21 Number 3 2000: 157-161. Bass, B.M. (1997), Does the Transactional Transformational Leadership Paradigm Transcend Organizational and National Boundaries?’’ American Psychologist, Vol. 52, pp. 130-9. Burns, J.M. (1978), Leadership, Harper Row, New York, NY David Buchanan Andrzej Huczynski. (2004). Organizational Behavior – An Introductory Text, Prentice Hall Hater, J.J. and Bass, B.M (1988), â€Å"Superiors† Evaluations And Subordinates’ Perception of Transformational and Transactional Leadership†, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 73, pp. 695-702 Hersey P Blanchard K. (2002). Management of Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Lowe, K.B. and Kroeck, K.G. (1996), Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic review’’, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7, pp. 385-426. Prasad LM. (2006). Organizational Behavior. Educational publishers. Daryaganj. P. 262-387 Tennenbam Robbert Schmidt. (1993). How To Choose A Leadership Pattern. Harvard Business Review: May-June, 175-180 Yammarino, F.J. and Dubinsky, A.J. (1994), Transformational Leadership Theory: Using Levels Of Analysis To Determine Boundary Conditions’’, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 47, pp. 787-811. Yammarino, F.J., Spangler, W.D. and Bass, B.M. (1993), Transformational Leadership and Performance: A Longitudinal Investigation’’, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 4, pp. 81-102. Yvonne McLaughlin.(2003).Business Management: A practical guide for managers, Supervisors Administrators. Synergy Books International. P.186-215

Pride and Prejudice :: essays research papers fc

In the novel Pride and Prejudice , Jane Austen takes you back to times where Pride were not only for the rich and noble and Prejudice were the issues of the time. This is a classical love story from the eighteenth century, which takes place in England. The novels focus in on a spirited young woman, Elizabeth and her family, the Bennets. Mrs. Bennets main goal is to get all of her daughters married, no matter what the consequence. Through many heart aches and pains Jane, Elizabeth and Lydia fulfills Mrs. Bennets dream and marries, but they may all not live happily ever after.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jane was the first of five sisters to have an opportunity of engagement. A Mr. Bingley had just come to the town of Netherfield, who was the talk of the town. â€Å"A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† (p. 9; Chapter I) Mrs. Bennet declared to have him over and for Mr. Bennet to become acquaint with him so he could meet up with the girls. The first meeting the two had with each other was at a ball where he asked to dance with her twice and did not let any other girl have that same pleasure. Jane fell instantly in love with him, as she explained to her sister Elizabeth â€Å"He is just what a young man ought to be.† said she, â€Å"sensible, good humored, lively; and I never saw such happy manners!-so much ease, with such perfect good breeding!† (p.18; Chapter IV) They would then have other meetings with each other and grew an intense liking for one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day Jane was to go to Netherfield and have dinner with Miss Bingley. His sister did not really think she liked her brother because she showed him no particular affection. She tried to tell her to be more persuasive and when she did not she and Mr. Bingley’s friend Mr. Darcy took him out of town with haste. She received a letter on their departure and read it with Lizzy, â€Å"This is from Caroline Bingley; what it contains, has surprise me a good deal. The whole party have left Netherfield by this time, and are on their way to town; and without any intention of coming back again.† (p. 102; Chapter XXI) Jane wrote to Miss Bingley many times, but in return she was told that Mr. Bingley was spending much time with Miss Darcy. Crushed she decided to visit her aunt and uncle, the Gardiners.

How Communication And Culture Are Related Essay

Communication has been one of the most powerful tools that humans species have develop trough thousands of years and that we still have. There are many types of communication like body language, eye contact, sign language, paralanguage, haptic language, and chromic, also media like pictures, graphics, sounds and writing. Culture emerged in the XII and XIX century in Europe. The word culture means cultivation or improvement, how the human species act, thinks and how it interact with the environment, thanks to the communication people have changed their way they act. For this reason is why is important to know how communication and culture are related, and how they are important for each other. Good communication is very important. It can help someone to understand what others are saying. Communication is important and can be positive if is handled well. But at the same time it can be hurtful, depending on how it is done and the words that are used. Communication is where culture was improved, because with communication provide information to a group of people, and that specific group of people will react and determine how they will use the information. Arts, traditions, and rituals are some examples of culture, these types of culture have being used trough thousands of years, they have communicate with gods, civilizations, animals. So in a way communications have being a very important role in the culture, and how it has been develop trough this years. The main reason why humans behave the way they behave is that we have developed communication to the point that we behave more reasonable, we can expose ideas, thoughts, and we can give an opinion for it. We use communicatio n now a days for everything, without it would be very difficult or impossible to live in a society that have express everything we think, and have an opinion of it. In conclusion, thanks to communication, culture within the human behavior, people have developed a rational thinking; this makes a better how people relate with other. Communication has played a very important role in the  culture in human species. Communication have being part of our life and our behavior cense the first humans apparition, we use it all the time to interact with people, and that’s why we, humans behave the way we behave.

The United States And Chinese Health Care Systems

Today, health care systems around the world are reforming more than ever. Initiatives are being taken to introduce new and improved care and access in a reasonable and cost-efficient manner. In order to discover and develop a system that is best suited for a country, many tactics and acts are viewed as trial-and-error. The United States and China, both two of the largest countries in the world, have both similarities and differences in their health care systems that function jointly to offer care to their citizens. This paper will progress to compare and contrast different components of the United States and Chinese health care systems such as the history of the health care systems, delivery of health care, challenges with access and cost, and reform efforts made by each dominating and world renown country. Since the economic reforms in the late 1970s in urban China, health insurance has evolved from a public insurance (government or public) system to a multipayer system. 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