Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Case study - Essay Example Even though he was registering a good recovery following his multi-organ surgery in the lungs, kidneys, liver and splenectomy in the high-dependency unit, from the sixth postoperative day, he began to deteriorate, and this called for investigations about the possible aetiology of his sudden deterioration despite initial evidence of recovery. The potential risk factors for his deterioration are multiple bony traumas; multi-organ injuries and surgeries including lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen; multiple blood transfusions; and hospital-acquired infection in the high-dependency unit. The provisional diagnosis could be one of acquired coagulopathy that may have resulted due to the above risk factors. The provisional diagnosis could be DIC or disseminated intravascular coagulation since the most common signs of this disorder are petechiae, ecchymosis, and oozing from venipuncture sites and catheter sites, as well as bleeding from surgical incisions (Attar et al., 1969, p. 939-965). In some situations, DIC becomes only evident after laboratory analysis with mild or no clinical symptoms at all. As in this case, these patients become symptomatic after stress situations, such as, surgery, or severe infections. The common denominator of DIC is the pathological generation of thrombin, which leads to widespread intravascular depo sition of fibrin and to the consumption of coagulation factors and platelets. DIC is as such not a disease entity, but the consequence of a variety of disorders that diffusely lead to the activation of coagulation mechanisms within the bloodstream (Carey and Rodgers, 1998, 65-73). The formation of thrombi in the microcirculation activates the fibrinolytic process as a compensatory mechanism to lyse the clots. This mechanism generates circulating fibrin degradation products, which in concert with the coagulation deficiencies and thrombocytopenia results in bleeding. DIC occurs in a wide spectrum of diseases.

The economic problem and how different groups attempt to solve it Essay Example for Free

The economic problem and how different groups attempt to solve it Essay The economic problem can be described as attempting to satisfy the unlimited and ever changing wants of the consumer with limited resources. As these wants can never be satisfied, all individuals, businesses and governments are faced with the choice of what to obtain with those resources. As each consumer groups wants and resources varies greatly, each deals with trying to solve the economic problem in a different way. The choices made by each individual are unique, depending on income, age, gender, living situations, education, voting, retirement and personal expectations. In order to deal with the economic problem, individuals must show preference for one good or service over another and be prepared to sacrifice many of the things that they desire. The individual must also plan how much of his/her income they will spend and how much they will save. This ratio can be difficult to establish and can change at any time. Each individual is faced with the economic problem many times daily, and will continue to be faced with the challenge of choices. Businesses too face the economic problem, but on a more complex level than the individual. A company must first decide what area of business that they will specialise in order to generate the most success. As businesses have limited resources they must focus these on a product or service that will hopefully generate a profit in order to continue operating. Once that is decided, the company must first price the product and then try to allocate its resources (land, labour, capital or enterprise) in order to maximise efficiency. In order to minimise costs, a company may have to choose between quality and quantity which can lead to difficult decisions purchasing equipment, employing/ paying reliable employees and obtaining supplies. Unlike the individual, a business must also contend with the problem of industrial relations, such as wages, contracts, managing employees and union agreements, creating more choices and intensifying the economic problem. The Government not only faces the economic problem itself, but can influence the choices of both individuals and businesses by placing taxes on some items (making them more expensive and generating revenue) or making some goods and services cheaper. Governments also have the power to restrict and  regulate economic behaviour by prohibiting some behaviours and enforcing fines. The choices a government makes in answer to the economic problem have large implications on the community they serve. A national Government for instance, may choose to concentrate on defence plans and forgo other areas such as education. Although this satisfies the immediate wants, in the future it may lead to low economic activity, affecting the entire nation. Governments often find this a problem when trying to be more popular with voters (the individual consumer). The Government has the largest influence on the economy; therefore careful consideration must take place when making choices in response to the economic problem. Although individuals, businesses and governments all come across the economic problem in different ways, the only way to deal with it is resource allocation: choosing what to spend the limited resources in order to gain maximum satisfaction. This is often organised as a budget, whether within a household or the Governments National Budget for the year. However this is only a way of dealing with the problem, it does not solve it. As the wants of consumers are unlimited and ever changing, they can never be satisfied with the limited resources of the consumer or group. A budget simply aims to make the best choices, taking the wants and resources into account.

What is Marketing Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

What is Marketing 1. Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purpose The purpose of this report is to get all of the management employees of Proton in all of the departments outside marketing to familiarize with what marketing is and also to show its importance in the company. 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Background Proton is the biggest Malaysian automobile manufacturer. Proton automobiles are available in many countries such as China, Singapore, Australia, Algeria and United Kingdom. Proton has commanded the local automotive market, and will continuously dominate in the pursuit of being ‘Customers’ Number One Choice for Automotive Products and Services’ (http://www.proton-edar.com.my/company_info/overview/company_info.php?currentSceneSec=0101¤tScene=0100¤tButton=1). 1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scope Getting to know the definitions of marketing and also the importance of marketing and how does it contributes to the profitability of the company. 1.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method Information has been gathered through research of websites, journals and books as well as own interpretation and ideas on how marketing is seen important in contributing to the profitability of the company. 1.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assumptions It is assumed that other management employees in other departments of Proton, who have no or little idea about marketing, would be able to understand the importance of marketing after the report is read. It is also assumed that the profitability of the company will increase after reading the report. 1.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limitations The limitations are mainly the inflexibility of time and also the amount of research that needs to be done to write a good report. 2. What is marketing? Marketing is a very general term that has no specific definition to it. However, it is best described as â€Å"A social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others† (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004, p919). It is an understanding of how the company works with its consumers and how it generates in the society. Marketing is seen to be the process of ‘bringing in the businesses’. It is not seen to be an alternative, but a necessity (Forsyth, 2004, pg34). Many people consider marketing as a tactic. However it is more than just a tactic. Marketing is analysis. According to Allen Weiss (2002), marketing is the analysis of... ... affects the company’s profitability. Overall, marketing is very important because it is able to find what consumer really wants, this help the business to target and position their markets accurately. And, therefore, attain consumer satisfaction which leads the business to their profitability. Works Cited Forsyth, P (2004) ‘Marketing is a must’, IEE Engineering Management, pg. 34-37 Kotler, P., Adam, S., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., Marketing Edition 6, Prentice Hall Australia, Sydney, 2004 Weiss, A (2004) What is Marketing?, 26 November 2002, http://www.marketingprofs.com/2/whatismarketing.asp, accessed on 10th May 2005. Proton, http://www.proton.com/about_proton/index.php, accessed on 10th May 2005 Proton Edna, http://www.proton-edar.com.my/company_info/overview/company_info.php?currentSceneSec=0101¤tScene=0100¤tButton=1, accessed on 11th May 2005. Hein, K. (2004) â€Å"Brand week†. Vol. 45 Issue 21, p24, 4p, 2 charts. Valentine, V. & Gordon, W. (2000), â€Å"The 21st century consumer: A new model of thinking†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol.42, Iss. 2; pg. 185, 24 pgs Mercedes Benz, http://www.mercedes-benz.com/, accessed 11th May 2005

My personality

In the beginning I had a hard time to composed myself and thinking about how to start this essay. Until I found myself searching for my pen and a pad of paper and started to write of things that I have done in my existence. Oftentimes I find myself staring at something I don’t even see. But I can see something more imaginative on the screen of my mind. But what do I really think of? I think of my family, friends, my girlfriends, and the people of my past and the people of my future. Later on when I get back to the real world, I realized how much time I have wasted. But later still I want to reminisce, and think again of many things, both pleasant and unpleasant. I realized that whether they are pleasant or unpleasant they are still worth thinking of. They don’t make any difference for they serve the same purpose in shaping me for what I am now. I was born from a Christian family and grew up with God-fearing and God-loving person. On this year Thanksgiving Day, I will be celebrating my 18th birthday. We are five in the family; I have a sister and a brother who are very supportive to me. My family is the epitome of prominence that gives me the thought of living a wonderful life for they are very understanding and always there for me no matter what. I have the reasons to be proud of my self because I have my family, my friends, and my girlfriend. I can sweep you off your feet with my debonair and gentlemanly ways, but hands off, single girls, I’m happily taken. You can just catch glimpses when I’m around. I’m actually sensible and quite perceptive. I am a very frank person but sometimes a smooth talker; I can make you believe that pigs have wings. However, I am a considerate person who possesses one of those smiles that make you forget all your troubles. My friends would tell me that I am a nice person. After all, if I weren’t nice, I won’t have many friends. A very hardworking person you can see in me and with high expectations to every people I meet. Despite my disposition, I can be easily approach. Some of you may see me in mid-stride, overwhelming with an air of super cool confidence but digging deeper into my persona, you will find that I am the 3’s: serious, sensitive, and sentimental. You should not base your judgment on your first impression because once you get to know me deeper; your first impression won’t last. I am most determined to be like my father or better than him, who like him is very responsible of his family. Who has a lovely wife; my mom, and wonderful three children. Soon as I got my bachelors degree, I will be handling one of the family’s businesses with the dignity to continue and make it bigger for a better future. In the hurry scurry of the everyday life, we still find time to reminisce our childhood years and that makes us smile. Life is full of beautiful things: soft sunsets, painted rainbows, delicate blossoms, love and laughter, quiet moments and good friends like I have. Friends everyone should have. They enjoys being with me, accepts me for who I am, and is faithful when the chips are down. We’ve gone through a lot of difficulties that friends usually going through but still we are together. We would travel jointly and have some fun. On weekends and whenever we feel to, we would play golf, or go skiing or yet get involve in fishing. You know when you are up, your friends know who you are and when you are down, you know who your friends are. We are like siblings and a family. 50 years from now, I’d be so old or else I might not be physically present here anymore. Whatever it may be, I might forget them, or might not remember ever knowing them or might forget that I once cared for them, I might but I won’t, because they are my friends whom I can let into the house when I am turning out drawers. Releted essay –  An Empty Purse Frightens Away Friends For one million memories, for one hundred thousand inside jokes, for ten thousand great times, for one hundred secrets there is only one reason: we are friends. A large part of my person was telling me to let go and choose the safe way out. My friends would tell me that wits rule over the idiocy of the heart. I believed them. The problem was that my soul seemed to have a mind of its own and refused to see reason. I used to be a player, a great player not until I met Christi. It was late Wednesday morning I was too busy listening to the radio when a friend invited me out. I went to the meeting place and grabbed a chair sat next to this beautiful girl. A little while, we were having a chat. I was star stricken and almost forgot that I was going to meet instead my good old friend. Later on, we became close. At times, he would join my friends and me for lunch or snack and she would then insist that I eat with her friends as well. One day, I just realized that i am falling in love with her. There are times that I think I was falling out of love. But whenever that happens, something would happen; someone would come along and tell things about her as if implying that she feels the same way too.   And somehow my dying feelings would be restored to life. She may seem to be the answer to all the prayers and wishes I have made for the last seventeen years of my existence-for me to find that someone who would manage to complete this weary soul and tame this heart who used to play with girls. I was then too scared to allow her to come into my life. I have suffered enough disappointments. I want the person I will give my heart and soul to would be worth all the pain and sacrifices. One night, as I sat in front of the altar, I was trying to recall everything that happened from the first time we talked up to the day we had watched a movie. I knew by the end of that day that she was the one. Hearing her talk about life, seeing how interested she was in what I had to say, my heart has finally found home. I like the way she value the people he love. I envy the way she would look certainly at life. I value the way she shows her concern not only to me but also to everyone she meets. She is the only girl I know who can manage to be composed under difficulty. And she wouldn’t judge nor preach, the way she just look at me straight in the eyed tell me in not so many words that she understand me completely and that her whole being is there to catch me when I fall. In short, I love her. I love her for the entire she is, for all that she stands for and believe in. she is worth every tear I have shed. I choose to love her through all the days of my life. I thank her for making me realized that life isn’t just about playing. I now understand what love is-Christi. They are the people who have always been my inspiration in living life to the fullest. My family, friends, and Christi motivated me and have molded me for what I am now. No life could be better than living it according to one’s desires with respect to success and good reputation. I don’t let the day passed without telling them that I care and love them. I always cherish the day with them. In developing my personality, I just don’t only need my whole self but the people around me have got something to do to of how I had grown up. And thanks to them that I know I am a better person now because of them. My life wouldn’t be as fulfilled as like now if not because of my determination to make up from my incomprehensible perplexity. There’s always a better outlook. Works Cited: â€Å"Essay Structure†. BestEssays.com. 2007 < http://www.bestessays.com/guide.php>.   

Prohibition and Marijuana: History Does Repeat

Decriminalization or to not decriminalize. That is the big question. Will the decriminalization of marijuana be the next revolution of America? Marijuana prohibition has been in effect since 1937, with trends that closely resemble those of alcohol prohibition-meaning an increase in crime, distrust, and dissension. If the goal of marijuana prohibition is to stop Americans from using it, then it has failed, just like the other prohibition failed to make America a â€Å"dry† country. It is important to go back and look at the factors leading to marijuana prohibition-especially the stages of exaggeration, silence, and the imposition of severe penalties-before looking at the effects of prohibition during the last half-century. Let me first point out that I am an advocate of marijuana, and will not argue that marijuana is not harmless. Research shows that marijuana damages short term memory, distorts perceptions, impairs judgment and complex motor skills, alters heart rates, and has the potential to trigger severe anxiety, paranoia, and lethargy (www. ndsn. com). Yet I also feel its effects are in many ways less harmful than those of alcohol and tobacco-for instance, alcohol's potential to cause cirrhosis and tobacco's links to lung cancer and heart disease. Both are considered carcinogenic. In addition, alcohol is cited as a factor in half of this country's highway fatalities, half of all arrests made for any criminal charge-including homicides-and one-fourth of all suicides. In 1972 the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse estimated the social costs of America's alcohol habit to be $15 billion a year (www. ndsn. com); it has steadily increased since then. When comparing tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, there is strong evidence that marijuana has the least addictive power (www. peretto. com). However, this does not hide the fact that all three can have a strong impact on an individual. As with all drugs, they are capable of disrupting home life, affecting job performance, and causing withdrawal from society. In my opinion, all drugs share this power on equal terms because of the emotional problems of the people who use them; no single drug has more potential for harm than any other in terms of social impacts. While hemp has been grown in America since 1611 (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 1), the practice of smoking marijuana did not become widespread until the 1920's-a period of strong drug intolerance during the â€Å"great social experiment† of alcohol prohibition. Marijuana use was highest among people who also used opiates, primarily recent immigrants. In the 1930's, the common belief that immigrants were inhumane and violent included a strong belief that marijuana was part of the cause. Since it was associated with opiates, marijuana was quickly defined as a narcotic (Thies, C. F. , 1993 p. 71), and by 1931 all but two states had passed anti-marijuana legislation. The final two did so by 1937, the same year the federal government created the Marijuana Tax Act . For which no tax stamps were ever issued. Not once during this period of prohibitive legislation was any research conducted on marijuana and it's effects, nevertheless it was almost universally assumed that marijuana was a narcotic, caused psychological dependence, provoked violent crime, and led to insanity. The first of three strategies used to fight marijuana was silence. It was believed that if youth didn't hear about marijuana, they wouldn't become curious and experiment with it. Therefore, in the 1930's discussion about marijuana was forbidden in all public schools, and from 1934 to 1956 the Motion Picture Association of America banned all films showing the use of narcotics (www. legalize. com). The strategy did not work as well as hoped, so anti-marijuana groups adopted the next strategy: exaggeration. The goal was to scare potential marijuana users. Even such respected periodicals as the American Journal of Medicine went along with this strategy, publishing such warnings as: â€Å"Marijuana users will suddenly turn with murderous violence upon whoever is nearest to them. They will run amuck with a knife, axe, gun, or anything else that is close at hand, and will kill or maim without reason†. F. T. Merrill of the Opium Research Committee wrote: â€Å"While numerous crimes [have been] traced to its abuse, its peculiar virulent effect, leading sometimes to insanity, makes its use dangerous to the individuals and to society in general . . . [it] leads to uncontrollable irritability and violent rages, which in most forms cause assault and murder† (Grinspoon, 1971, p. 17). During my research I found a medical handbook written in 1970 that continued to report these myths as fact, going so far as to imply that the words â€Å"hashish† and â€Å"assassin†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich do have a common root in terms of word history–have a cause and effect relationship. In the same manual the word â€Å"amuck† was associated to a characteristic of the drug; according to its author, the word, which means â€Å"to kill,† â€Å"was the word the natives of Malay would shriek as they dashed down the street, maddened by hashish, in a murderous frenzy† (Williams, 1970, p. 140). From the official California police officers' guide of the same period came this warning: â€Å"Marijuana is the immediate and direct cause of the crime committed . . . the user is very often dangerous to handle or control, has no fear, feels no pain, and may commit crimes of violence. Penalties for marijuana use fluctuated with popular belief regarding its level of danger. If people believed the effects were particularly bad, the penalties were stiff, but during some decades public attitudes were more lenient, therefore penalties were reduced. Drug use declined, fear increased, and so did penalties throughout the 1950s. One of the first federal mandatory prison sentences was established at that time: 10 years minimum for marijuana possession, and a mandatory death sentence for selling marijuana to a minor (Theis, C. F. ,1993 p. 46). During the 1960s and 70s, penalties declined as use increased, with eleven states decriminalizing possession for personal use (Thies and Register, 1993, p. 389). Then, in the 1980s, drug use declined and penalties rose. The â€Å"three strike† program was established, under which a mandatory life sentence without parole must be given for third-time offenders. Judges no longer have the power to use their own discretion in sentencing, but are required to base their punishment on the â€Å"most serious readily provable charge†, including a mandatory death sentence for anyone found guilty of managing a major marijuana plantation of 60,000 plants. It appears that the current attitude toward marijuana prohibition is based on the belief that relaxed policies lead to greater use. Statistics argue otherwise: nationwide, marijuana use in 1984 was measured at 26. 3%, and in the eleven states that decriminalized marijuana, it was 27. 3%. In 1988 the percentages were 15. and 16. 1, respectively. In those eleven states, decriminalization meant that individuals were no longer arrested for simple possession. In ten of those states there is a $0-100 fine for possession-the result of a threat by the federal government to withhold highway money for states that did not have minimum punishment standards (Thies and Register, 1993, p. 387). Going outside the country for another example of how legalization does not lead to greater use, Holland has witnessed a 40% decrease in marijuana use since the Dutch government legalized it in 1976 (Grinspoon, L. 1971, p. 4). During the same time period, marijuana use has decreased in the United States, so it cannot be definitively argued that either stronger penalties or decriminalization is better at affecting the number of people who use marijuana. It seems clear that social policy, and not legal policy, had the greater effect in Holland. Accusations of marijuana's addictive powers are also under attack from well-designed research studies. During the Nixon administration (1972), the federal government reviewed existing studies and concluded that marijuana did not possess physically addictive traits. The great majority of articles published in medical journals since that time have agreed. For example, Dr. Jack Henningfield of the Addiction Research Center (part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse) and Dr. Neal Benowits of the University of California ranked heroin, cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, and marijuana in terms of their power to induce psychological dependence. Nicotine was first, marijuana last. Marijuana also ranked last in terms of producing a physical tolerance to the drug, and was deemed least likely to produce signs of withdrawal upon quitting (Theis, C. F, 1993, p. 92). It seems as though the primary result of the three-pronged attack using strict penalties, silence, and exaggeration has been increased ignorance. Regardless of research findings refuting long-held claims about marijuana addiction since 1972, the old arguments of the 1930s continue to be used when establishing new soft drug laws. People's tendency to hold onto their initial beliefs means that most of their knowledge on the topic of marijuana is based on what their parents taught them. While it is the responsibility of all parents to teach their children values, this is not an acceptable basis for creating law. If the purpose of prohibition is to eliminate the use of a substance, then marijuana is certainly another example of how prohibition fails. In 1979, 68. 2% of all 18-25 year olds had tried marijuana at least once, and 35% said that they were regular users (U. S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1991). While those respective numbers have decreased to 50% and 13%, its clear that marijuana is still readily available and used by a large number of Americans. Two other detrimental effects of marijuana prohibition are the large amounts of money spent on enforcement and prosecution, and prison overcrowding. The percentage of the American population living in prison has increased from . 061 in 1880 to . 1 in 1920 to . 35 in 1995, with an associated tripling of real tax dollars required to house inmates. Today, 62% of all inmates are in prison for drug offenses-the result of a 1,100% increase in drug arrests between 1980 and 1992, even though marijuana use dropped from 35% to 13% during the same period. The increase in violent offenders incarcerated during that time was only 50%. Of felons convicted of crimes related to marijuana possession, production and trafficking during this period, 58% had no prior arrest history, 91% were not identified as organizers, leaders, managers or supervisors of drug-oriented organizations, and 92% did not own or possess a gun. In other words, the large majority of these felons should not be viewed as individuals endangering our society. I believe the main point of these statistics is that an enormous amount of money is spent each year on incarcerating non-violent and otherwise law-abiding citizens. Not including the money spent on prison management and construction, the federal Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) now spends $1. 3 billion a year â€Å"fighting† marijuana. Overall, federal anti-marijuana efforts have cost taxpayers $30 billion. The result: $2 billion worth of cannabis being seized and destroyed, 4 million people being arrested, and 250-thousand individuals being jailed for more than one year–but no basic change in usage patterns from the 1970†³s (www. bergen. com). Is it worth it? Mark Young is a victim of a US District Attorney's overzealous efforts to enforce federal marijuana laws. Young, a resident of Illinois, went on a fishing trip in Florida with some old friends, bringing along some marijuana for everyone to enjoy privately. His Florida friends asked Young to introduce them to the grower, which he did, then was cut out of the deal from that point onward. He was later arrested and charged with conspiracy to manufacture marijuana. He had two strikes against him-minor possession charges that were twenty years old-so he faced a life sentence with no possibility of parole, even though he did not benefit at all from the transaction. The District Attorney offered Young a reduced charge if he testified against his friends and others whom he had no prior knowledge of. He refused, and the DA won his case without having to inform the jury about Young's two-strike status. The judge had no choice but to pass down a sentence of life without parole. In a prison interview, Young was quoted as saying, â€Å"They've only proved I'm capable of smoking a joint, or of introducing a guy to another guy who needs some pounds. That's the most they've proved me capable of. What they [the prosecutors] are doing, they're destroying these families and passing out life sentences, taking people's lives, putting children on the street-I mean horrendous acts. I don't know of anyone that would do anything that malicious for a salary† (Williams J. B. , 1970, p. 46). It is my opinion that the state has no right to interfere with anyone's private conduct, especially under the guise of protecting anyone from our own folly. The government is free to educate people as much as it wishes on the effects of using marijuana, education being the best way to alter behavior. However, it must not dictate what behavior an individual can or cannot practice in private. This opinion is the same one given in the 1972 report published by the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse; in their summary, the authors of that report argued that private production and consumption of marijuana should be made legal (National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972, p. 152). They also recommended continued efforts to arrest anyone involved in trafficking or in the commercial production of marijuana. The report was accepted by the President, Speaker of the House, and President of the Senate, and the argument was later given support by President Jimmy Carter (Theis, C. F. , 1993, p. 45). However, political pressure prevented him from making concerted effort to reform marijuana laws. The original motivation for marijuana prohibition was based on a lack of knowledge. Nevertheless, the hate and fear resulting from initial attitudes still echo in current arguments against marijuana. Despite research to the contrary, a significant number of people refuse to have their beliefs challenged. And so billions of tax dollars continue to be spent on enforcement and prosecution, while use patterns remain the same-a return on an investment that no private business would ever tolerate. And it is important to remember that statistics describe many casual marijuana users such as M. Y. , and families that are affected by overly strict laws. Prohibition was established due to a misunderstanding, has not achieved its goal, and goes against an American philosophical approach. I believe it is time to reconsider its consequences.

South African Population Registration Act of 1950

South African Population Registration Act of 1950 South Africas Population Registration Act No. 30 (commenced on July 7) was passed in 1950 and defined in clear terms who belonged to a particular race. Race was defined by physical appearance and the act required people to be identified and registered from birth as belonging to one of four distinct racial groups: White, Coloured, Bantu (Black African), and Other. It was one of the pillars of Apartheid. When the law was implemented, citizens were issued identity documents and race was reflected by the individuals Identity Number. The Act was typified by humiliating tests which determined race through perceived linguistic and/or physical characteristics. The wording of the Act was imprecise, but it was applied with great enthusiasm: A White person is one who is in appearance obviously white - and not generally accepted as Coloured - or who is generally accepted as White - and is not obviously Non-White, provided that a person shall not be classified as a White person if one of his natural parents has been classified as a Coloured person or a Bantu... A Bantu is a person who is, or is generally accepted as, a member of any aboriginal race or tribe of Africa... A Coloured is a person who is not a White person or a Bantu... Racial Test The following elements were used for determining the Coloureds from the Whites: Skin colorFacial featuresCharacteristics of the persons hair on their headCharacteristics of the persons other hairHome language and the knowledge of AfrikaansThe area where the person livesThe persons friendsEating and drinking habitsEmploymentSocioeconomic status The Pencil Test If the authorities doubted the color of someones skin, they would use a pencil in hair test. A pencil was pushed in the hair, and if it remained in place without dropping, the hair was designated as frizzy hair and the person would then be classified as colored. If the pencil dropped out of the hair, the person would be deemed white. Incorrect Determination Many decisions were wrong, and families wound up being split and/or evicted for living in the wrong area. Hundreds of colored families were reclassified as white and in a handful of instances, Afrikaners were designated as colored.  In addition, some Afrikaner parents abandoned children with frizzy hair or children with dark skin who were considered outcasts. Other Apartheid Laws The Population Registration Act No. 30 worked in conjunction with other laws passed under the apartheid system. Under the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, it was illegal for a white person to marry someone of another race. The Immorality Amendment Act of 1950 made it a crime for a white person to have sex with someone from another race. Repeal of The Population Registration Act The South African Parliament repealed the act on June 17, 1991. However, the racial categories set forth by the act are still ingrained in the culture of South Africa. They also still underlie some of the official policies designed to remedy past economic inequalities. Source War Measures Continuation. Population Registration. South African History Online, June 22, 1950.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab report Essays

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab report Essays Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab report Paper Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration lab report Paper Essay Topic: Photo Synthesis Thesis This is an investigation of the effect of the intensity of light (photosynthesis) have on the rate of cellular respiration (measured as the number of oxygen bubbles). We will determine whether or not it is possible to examine the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration under controlled environmental conditions. We will show the effects, reactions, and relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, as well as demonstrate to you how the scientific method works. Hypothesis Upon completion of the investigation we will be able to determine if gas that will be produced with the intensity of light at different wattages. Materials and Methods The following methods were used to calculate the rate of photosynthesis: Measuring the uptake of CO, measuring the production of carbohydrates, and measuring the increase in dry mass. We will also measure the production of 02 the experiment in the experiment. Oxygen can be measured by counting the bubbles evolved from seaweed to measure the amount of gas produced by four different light intensities (25, 50, 75, and 100) measuring each different light intensities times three. Results or Outcome was able to determine the amount of gas produced by the four different light intensities. The more light, the faster the rate of photosynthesis. However, increased rate o photosynthesis only goes to a certain point. You would think hat the more intense the light the higher the rate, but there us a certain limit. Table 1: Rate of Photosynthesis Measured by the Number of Oxygen Bubbles Light Bulb Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average O watts 2 3 25 watts 7 4 5 50 watts 11 100 watts 12 13 Conclusion In conclusion, the outcome of this experiment was what I expected it to be. What I did not expect is when the intensity of light increased the rate of the photosynthesis only went up to a certain point. Assumed the more light the more photosynthesis, this investigation showed me differently.

The Tropical Rainforest Biome

The Tropical Rainforest Biome All tropical rainforests have similar characteristics including climate, precipitation, canopy structure, complex symbiotic relationships and an amazing diversity of species. However, not every tropical rainforest can claim exact characteristics when compared by  region or realm  and there are rarely clear defining boundaries. Many may blend with adjoining mangrove forests, moist forests, mountain forests, or tropical deciduous forests. Tropical Rainforest Location Tropical rainforests mainly occur inside the worlds equatorial regions. Tropical rainforests are restricted to the small land area between the latitudes 22.5 ° North and 22.5 ° South of the equator - between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer. The global distribution of the tropical rainforest can be broken into four continental regions, realms or biomes: the Ethiopian or Afrotropical rainforest, the  Australasian  or Australian rainforest, the Oriental or Indomalayan/Asian rainforest, and the Central and South American Neotropical. Importance of the Tropical Rainforest Rainforests are cradles of diversity. They spawn and support 50 percent of all living organisms on Earth even though they cover less than 5% of Earths surface. A rainforests importance is truly incomprehensible when it comes to species diversity. Losing the Tropical Rainforest Just a few thousand years ago, tropical rainforests are estimated to have covered as much as 12% of the land surface on earth. This was about 6 million square miles (15.5 million square km). Today it is estimated that less than 5% of Earths land is covered with these forests (about 2 to 3 million square miles). More importantly, two-thirds of the worlds tropical rainforests exist as fragmented remnants. The Largest Tropical Rainforest The largest unbroken stretch of rainforest is found in the Amazon river basin of South America. Over half of this forest lies in Brazil, which holds about one-third of the worlds remaining tropical rainforests. Another 20% of the worlds remaining rainforest exists in Indonesia and the Congo Basin, while the balance of the worlds rainforests is scattered around the globe in tropical regions. Tropical Rainforests Outside the Tropics Tropical rainforests are not just found in tropical regions, but also in temperate regions like Canada, the United States, and the former Soviet Union. These forests, like any tropical rainforest, receive abundant, year-round rainfall, and are characterized by an enclosed canopy and high species diversity but are without the year-round warmth and sunlight. Precipitation An important characteristic of tropical rainforests is moisture. Tropical rainforests usually lie in tropical zones where solar energy produces frequent rainstorms. Rainforests are subject to heavy rainfall, at least 80 and in some areas over 430 of rain each year. High volumes of rain in rainforests can cause local streams and creeks to rise 10-20 feet over the course of two hours. The Canopy Layer Most of life in the tropical rainforest exists vertically in the trees, above the shaded forest floor - in the layers. Each tropical rainforest canopy layer harbors its own unique plant and animal species interacting with the ecosystem around them. The primary tropical rainforest is divided into at least five layers: the overstory, the true canopy, the understory, the shrub layer, and the forest floor. Protection Tropical rainforests are not all that pleasant to visit. They are hot and humid, difficult to reach, insect-infested, and have wildlife that is hard to find. Still, according to Rhett A. Butler in A Place Out of Time: Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face, there are undeniable reasons to protect the rainforests: Loss of local climate regulation - With forest loss, the local community loses the system that performed valuable but unnoticed services like ensuring the regular flow of clean water and protecting the community from flood and drought. The forest acts as a sort of sponge, soaking up the tremendous amounts of rainfall brought by tropical downpours, and releasing water at regular intervals. This regulating feature of tropical rainforests prevents destructive flood and drought cycles.Erosion and its effects - The loss of trees, which anchor the soil with their roots, causes widespread erosion throughout the tropics. Only a minority of areas have good soils, which after clearing are quickly washed away by the heavy rains. Thus crops yields decline and the people must spend income to import foreign fertilizers or clear additional forest.Loss of species for forest regeneration - A fully functioning forest has a great capacity to regenerate. Exhaustive hunting of tropical rainforest species can reduce those species necessary to forest continuance and regeneration. The increase of tropical diseases - The emergence of tropical diseases and outbreaks of new diseases including nasty hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Lassa Fever is a subtle but serious impact of deforestation.Destruction of renewable resources - Deforestation can rob a country of potential renewable revenues while replacing valuable productive lands with virtually useless scrub and grassland (desertification).

Essay ( stress ) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

( stress ) - Essay Example According to Vrijkotte and others, stress can be defined as the physical or emotional tension. It is a feeling that is experienced when an individual is of the view that the demands are far above the resources that they can mobilize to handle the situation. In their works, Vrijkotte, Van Doornen and De Geus, reasoned that modern life is more stressful than the past, which cause a lot of stress to the person’s health. (Vrijkotte, et. al, 2000). â€Å"The preset world is marked by increased cases of stress that is evident in nearly every activity that we undertake.† as they claimed. This work will show the causes and effects of stress to describe how stress levels have risen over the last three decades. It will expose the some of the underlying factors on stress and its impact on people with focus on China and United Kingdom. Miller said that some work are associated with excessive stress as opposed to the normal work stress. The things within a person’s ability to control include taking personal responsibility for the improvement of a one’s emotional and physical well-being, identifying the pitfalls and avoiding them (Miller, 2013). Others are avoiding negative attitude while at work and learning to communicate effectively with coworkers and other people at work. The WorkStress.net website indicates that work stress is likely to manifest by instability within the family. As a result of the stressing circumstances at the work place, people are likely to extend such at home by being very arrogant to the family members, uncontrolled anger, increased temper and communication barriers (WorkStress.net., 2014). Parents who are stressed at work are likely to abuse their children and unable to understand their needs leading to their poor growth and development. In their book, Vrijkotte and others said that wrong career choices can lead to a lot of stress as well as inability to perform at the work place. One can know if they made wrong career choices when

Tampa Bay Buccaneers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tampa Bay Buccaneers - Essay Example Dunn’s reason for failing to complete the project on time was that the city failed to honour their terms of the contract. This paper will examine the contract, and who, between the two parties, is liable for a lawsuit. Under contract law, there are legal promises made to parties getting into an agreement (Monahan, 2001). Dunn, in this case, was entering into an arrangement with the city to start and complete the new city stadium. He knew of the time factor, but was ready to meet the challenge. However, his non-completion meant that he did not honour the terms of the agreement. The contract involved a bargain between Dunn and the city. He was liable to pay the city for all the financial damages the city might have incurred during the pre-season. Dunn, however, did not enter into the agreement alone. The city also made legal promises to him, which according to him, it did not fulfil. Their failure to honour some of the promises made to him by the city resulted in his failure to complete the project. The contract implied that Dunn would receive safety detail while working on the stadium. They, unfortunately, failed to fulfil their part of the deal. This meant that Dunn was responsible for everything that went on while working to complete the stadium. He catered for everything that was required while working on the project, in order to fulfil his end of the contract. The reason for his failure to complete the project on time was, therefore, justified. He incurred extra costs that should have been the city’s responsibility. Dunn, in the long run, should not pay any damages to the city. They should pay him for the extra amount of capital he might have put into the project. This is extra capital the city should have been catering for as part of their contract deal. While the pre-season started and the games shifted to another stadium, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers received an amount for their fans moving to watch their games in the other city’s stadium.

Qantitive Analisis for Managers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qantitive Analisis for Managers - Research Paper Example 1(B)-: We are told that it would be desirable to make at least 1.5% of the cost of the construction of the venue back in profit from the tickets Let's charge due to above condition = p Total Construction Cost Activity Predecessor Week Cost Initial Cost Weekly Total Cost A. Design and drawing of plans - 16.00 50 0 50 B. Approval of design by the local Council A 13.00 0 0 0 C. Removal of debris etc.from site - 19.00 2 12 230 D. Offite construction of foundations - 13 14 10 144 E. Delivery of materials and equipment to site C 4.00 27 6 51 F. Building the foundations and basic structure C,D 21.00 0 14 294 G. Completion of the building work B,E,F 11.00 0 12 132 H. Installation of wiring, plumbing and other essential works F 15.00 0 8 120 I. Painting and installation of furniture, seating, etc. G,H,J 11.00 0 6 66 J. Publication and approval of plans by IOC A 8.00 2 0 2 Total 1089 1.5 % of Total construction cost = 1.5 X 1089 /100 = 16.335 So, 16.335 = p x 500 - (3571.12 + (500 x 1.86)) Ticket Charge (p) = 9.03 2(A)-: Break even point according to Regression Method Break even Point = Fixed cost /( Unit Price - Variable Unit Price) = 3784.53 /( 9 - 1.71) = 519.14 Percentage to Capacity = (Break even point / Capacity) x 100 = (519.14 /12000) x 100 = 4.32 % 2 (B)-: We are told that it would be desirable to make at least 1.5% of the cost of the construction of the venue back in profit from the tickets Let's charge due to above condition = p Total Construction Cost Activity Predecessor Week Cost Initial Cost Weekly Total Cost A. Design and drawing of plans - 16.00 50 0 50 B. Approval of design by the local Council A 13.00 0 0 0 C. Removal of debris etc.from...highest and lowest level of activity to calculate the cost function. But its reliability is not very high due to considering of less sample data. However it is more consistent than visual fit and easy to use. The regression analysis is a statistical technique that uses all observations to determine the cost function. It provides a best fit estimation model. Reliability of model can be used to consider the usefulness of model. It can incorporate multiple independent variables. So, Regression analysis is more accurate because in this method the deviation in data points and cost line is minimized as much as possible. Also this method makes use of all data and has statistical properties that allow us to make predictions and draw inferences (Langfield, Thorne and Hilton). However it is more complex to use and requires more expertise to be used.

Airline labor-management conflict Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Airline labor-management conflict - Case Study Example Therefore, he was balanced in his assessment of the situation. Ott (2006) had clearly pointed out that the fate of the airline rested with the management, ALPA representatives, the industrial court and the team of arbitrators who are mandated to manage the ALPA contract in the event that both sides in the conflict failed to reach an amicable solution. According to Ott (2006), the collapse of Delta would have created a big gap in the America’s aviation industry, leaving the remaining players to heighten their competition and inherit Delta customers and clientele base. A consensus on the issue of picketing pilots who were protesting pay cuts would stem the fallout following the airline’s move to control labor expenditures. The article is extensive in the sense that it touches on the future of would-be pilots who may start to wonder how they will survive in an industry coupled with risks and lower incomes. Factually, such cuts could have had negative repercussions on the then aviators, other professionals and stakeholders in the industry as well as subsequent pilots. Ott (2006) had painted out a clear picture of the short-term and long-term impacts of the likely collapse of Delta, suggesting that an estimated 50,000 jobs would be lost immediately. And with the exit of such a significant population of human resources and profitable assets, key Delta hubs such as Jackson International Airport would be reduced to idleness due to under capacity. And whereas other busy hubs that are dominated by Delta such as Salt Lake City and Cincinnati would face a similar fate, the airline’s rivals in the market like Continental Airlines would struggle to provide alternative air transport mechanisms. Ott (2006) had foreseen that the failure of Delta’s rivals to fit in its shoes would reduce the former busy hubs to hubs for more local flights. A complete reversion to the current bee-hive of activity in those hubs from fewer regional

Which tiotropium device to use and why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Which tiotropium device to use and why - Essay Example Health practionaers have noted that COPD belong to large group of disease that badly injursed the lungs and airways such as chronic bronchitis, in such condition air passage that lead to the lungs gets swells and in a condition like emphysema air sacs of the lungs are badly damaged (2). Tiotropium device is green-colored small inaler and it is useful for controilling COPD, but it is not meant for curing this disease, also it does not provide any benefit instantly, but it takes few weeks to make a patient remain for 24 hours and help relief symptoms for one day (3). There are two types of Tiotropium devices, on with capsulesm which contain medicated powder termed as Tiotropium bromide, medically named as Spiriva. It is a white or yellowish powder and it has specifically for muscarinic receptors (4). Another type of Tiotropium device is a cartridge type with liquid used in therapeutic dose (1). Advantages of Tiotropium Device Asthmatic patients are benefitted from tiotropium device as it is handy and easy to carry everywhere along. Tiotropium device containing Spirivia is much effective to increase the functioning of the lungs in COPD sufferers. Another advantage of its use over other competitive devices and similar methods is that it is used only once in a day unlike other drugs those are needed to be taken at least three times in a day. The content of one capsule is 18 micrograms. Its use also decreases exacerbation that ultimately reduces hospitalization procedures for the patient (4). Disadvantages of Tiotropium Device Some of the predicted disadvantages of the tiotropium device use are that some patients can experience appearance of white patches on their mouth or throat. Sometimes, patients suffer swallowing or bitter taste problems while eating as tiotropium increases the likelihood of a sore throat. Additionally, users of tiotropium can also be subjected to problems like blurred vision

Human Resource - Best Company to Work for Research Paper

Human Resource - Best Company to Work for - Research Paper Example Companies which are considered best to work with are those in which their human resource practices are fair, equal to all and that they acknowledge employees as important asset as well as resource to the company (Google company 2012). Human resource practices is used widely in the measurement in which company an employee can work best with, these practices are useful in addressing various issues affecting employees in the workplace. Companies considered best to work with have best human resource practices and policies that treat employees equally and fairly, these practices are available on demand to respond to specific situations. These human resource practices generally ensure that there is positive working environment which promote good working relationship and improved productivity. Such companies are considered best to work with because it ensures that employees are able to understand their employment terms, benefits and salaries thus there is minimal employer and employee conflicts within the company. Google Company is among the top companies which are considered to have the best human resource practices thus the best company most of the employees would like to work with. The ranking of Google Company as the best company to work with is based on the adoption of the various human resource practices that addresses to a larger extent the issues concerning the welfare of the employees both in the workplace and outside. The success of Google Company has been greatly linked with these human resource aspects which are the key factors to the increased productivity of its employees (Google company 2012). These aspects of human resource practices which have been adopted by Google Company include the following. The approach in which Google Company uses in the recruitment process is that the human resource department directly manages and carries out all the recruitment and the selection process of the new employees. In the final stages in ensuring

Which tiotropium device to use and why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Which tiotropium device to use and why - Essay Example Health practionaers have noted that COPD belong to large group of disease that badly injursed the lungs and airways such as chronic bronchitis, in such condition air passage that lead to the lungs gets swells and in a condition like emphysema air sacs of the lungs are badly damaged (2). Tiotropium device is green-colored small inaler and it is useful for controilling COPD, but it is not meant for curing this disease, also it does not provide any benefit instantly, but it takes few weeks to make a patient remain for 24 hours and help relief symptoms for one day (3). There are two types of Tiotropium devices, on with capsulesm which contain medicated powder termed as Tiotropium bromide, medically named as Spiriva. It is a white or yellowish powder and it has specifically for muscarinic receptors (4). Another type of Tiotropium device is a cartridge type with liquid used in therapeutic dose (1). Advantages of Tiotropium Device Asthmatic patients are benefitted from tiotropium device as it is handy and easy to carry everywhere along. Tiotropium device containing Spirivia is much effective to increase the functioning of the lungs in COPD sufferers. Another advantage of its use over other competitive devices and similar methods is that it is used only once in a day unlike other drugs those are needed to be taken at least three times in a day. The content of one capsule is 18 micrograms. Its use also decreases exacerbation that ultimately reduces hospitalization procedures for the patient (4). Disadvantages of Tiotropium Device Some of the predicted disadvantages of the tiotropium device use are that some patients can experience appearance of white patches on their mouth or throat. Sometimes, patients suffer swallowing or bitter taste problems while eating as tiotropium increases the likelihood of a sore throat. Additionally, users of tiotropium can also be subjected to problems like blurred vision

SPSS for analyzing data with one IV and more than one DV & one-way Essay

SPSS for analyzing data with one IV and more than one DV & one-way between subjects MANOVA - Essay Example at the multivariate test results, all the four multivariate tests reveal significant results and hence it is okay to conclude that group membership effects on the psychological aspects evaluated, even after the test effects of item difficulties are controlled on performance of people in the three areas. Statistics for univariate comparisons of means are designs with only one dependent variable (DV). By comparison, statistics for multivariate comparisons of means have more than one dependent variable. The MANOVA may be either one-way (one IV) or factorial (more than one IV). For these analyses, there is more than one DV. The different DVs, which are at least moderately correlated, are combined into a composite variable called a variate. The combined DVs serve to predict the between-group differences of the scores for the conditions of the IV. A challenge arises in a research design that features only one IV with only 2 conditions. If a researcher desires to analyze two or more moderately correlated DVs rather than using a t-test with one DV, the multivariate Hotellings T2 can be used instead of separate t-tests for this situation.   Instead of the null hypothesis for a t-test (M1 = M2), the null hypothesis for the Hotellings T2 is that the vectors of means for group A are the same as the vectors of means for group B. The value of Hotellings T2 can be transformed into four F-values: Wilks lambda, Pillais trace, Hotellings trace, and Roys largest root. When these F-values are significant at the alpha level determioned for the study (e.g., ï  ¡ = .05), the researcher can reject the null hypothesis.   Usually the finding of significant multivariate effects is followed by analyses where the relationship between the IV(s) and each of the DVs is analyzed separately, using a univariate method to compare means (e.g., a t-test, a one-way ANOVA, a factorial ANOVA). Because there are multiple tests for multiple DVs, every test distorts the actual alpha level. That is, the

Computing project Essay Example for Free

Computing project Essay The system will require a user name and a password to view or edit anything! Only one person is permitted to use the system, no-one else requires access   All files will also be password protected. Database   The instructor will be able to add or delete any records as needed   It will hold all necessary details Specific Objectives   The database will be able to create reports to show what stage the student is at   The database will calculate how many lessons a student has had and how much they have paid with plus if there are any outstanding balances remaining. My system is designed to help the instructor, the instructor has many problems with the current system, and many times it has cost him jobless hours. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to make a system that eradicates these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student details carefully and properly in line with all data protection acts. The main thing is that these details should not get lost and the instructor has access to this all the time so that he can contact the student at any time. The details should also be available so that it can be updated any time it needs to be. By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept safely and in one place rather than having paper forms lying about getting lost and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the office or at to work from at home then it is not possible to have multiple copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number then the instructor will have to update every sheet of paper he has with the students phone number if he does not then it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems. The main reason for my proposal of this system is to ensure that the instructor does not continue double booking and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his diary and book appropriately, many times what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 then the instructor may accidentally open may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. But in reality on that day an on that time he is busy. This is one of the things the instructor is complaining about and also another thing that has been drawn to my attention is that he misreads the time, so he tells the student that he is booked at 13:00 tomorrow but he is actually free he has a lesson at 3:00 not 13:00 so this is one way the instructor is loosing out on money. I wish to remove this issue and avoid these mistakes happening. GCE A2 Computing CPT 6 Ram Bhojani EXISTING SYSTEM Instructor Bookings | Ram Bhojani 13HAN PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN OVERALL SYSTEM Input Processes Student Name Calculate the number of lessons so far Student Number Calculate the total amount spent. Student Address Add a student Lesson Code Edit a student Price Per Lesson Delete a student Date and time of next lesson Search a Student Day Booked Search Availabilities Time Booked Edit a booking File Outputs Student Details Student details Availability Details Number of lessons each student has had Total spent Balances FORMS General Name Purpose Main Menu This allows the instructor to access the student details and availability details. Student Details This allows the instructor to view all details about a student. It also allows the instructor to print a report on the student progress Availability Details. This allows the instructor to see what dates and times are available in the next two weeks and make a booking. USER INTERFACE DESIGN MAIN MENU STUDENT DETAILS MENU AVAILABILITY DETAILS DATABASE DESIGN INCLUDING ER MODEL STUDENT (StudentName, StudentNumber, StudentAddress, LessonCode, PricePerLesson, DateAndTimeOfNextLesson) Availability (AvailableSlots, NextLessonBooked) RECORD STRUCTURE Instructor Field name Data type Size format Description AvailableSlots Date/time, Date time Shows what dates and times are available NextLessonBooked Date/time, Date time Name of student and the day, date and time of their next lesson. Student Field name Data type Size/format Description Student name Text, 20 The first name and last name of the student. Student number Number, 8 A Unique number given to each student for easy reference. Student address Text, 50 Full address of student, including postal address. Lesson code Number 5 A code that determines what sort of lesson they take, they can have an hour lesson, one and half-hour or pass plus. Price per lesson Number, Decimal 5,2 How much the student pays for each lesson Date and time of next lesson Date time Date time The next lesson student has booked. VALIDATION. I will use validation on some of the fields on the tables so there is less chance of wrong data being inputted. There are only some fields that can have validation but by ensuring they have a working validation it will mean that the system will not be wrong. Things that I can validate are numbers or specific number of characters. This is to make sure that the data entered conforms to a certain standard. The user cannot see the validation rules, so when they make a mistake they find out as an error message appears. VALIDATION Field Name Validation Type Validation Rule Error message Student Number Type Check. 8 digits The student number must be 8 digits Lesson Code Type check 5 Digits The lesson code must be 5 digits. STORAGE AND MEDIA FORMAT For my system I need to know how large each file will be so I have calculated the size of each field, and multiplied that but the amount of fields ii may get, to get an estimate of how large the file could get. Storage and media format Field name Number of records Size of record/ bytes Total size of records/bytes Student name 30 32 960 Student number 30 8 240 Student address. 30 65 1950 Lesson code 30 5 150 Price per lesson 30 8 240 Date and time of next lesson 30 16 480. Available lessons 31 20 620 Next lessons booked 6 134 804 Total 5444b 5. 4kb I have calculated that the approximate maximum size that I will need for the data to be stored will be around 6kb, which is small enough to fit on almost any data storage type. The most suitable storage device for this will be the hard disk drive on the laptop to be used. This means that the system will not be lost easily as it is not a portable storage device but on a actual laptop, which would be looked after carefully. There is a large amount of space on the hard disk meaning that there will be available space for expansion if necessary. Also the laptop can be connected to a computer in the office via a USB cable meaning that the data could be backed up and if needed archived. IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE ALGORITHMS FOR DATA TRANSFER Process to calculate Total number of lessons so far = ([Student Lessons])*([Total]) Process to calculate Total spent so far =([Total lessons])*([Price Per lesson]) Produce report of students ready for test Search through student details with criteria field Ready students to find matching records. If there are no matching records output an error message to the user. PLANNED VALID OUTPU.T. For my system outputs I have decided to create a report for students to see their progress. This will need to be created in Access. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR SECURITY AND INTEGRITY OF DATA. The data must be kept secure and correct as this informations is very confidential, if details of the student were to get lost or misplaced then this would be in breach of the data protection act. To keep the data secure I am going to make sure that the user backs up the data at the end of every working week and keeps this disc either safely at home or in the office. There will also be a back up of the main system so if it happens to crash or is damaged then it can be replaced. If the system does crash then the files will have to be manually transferred back into the system from the backup. DESCRIPTION OF MEASURES PLANNED FOR SYSTEM SECURITY The system will not be secured with passwords however the computer will have a password this will be set to expire every 28 days to ensure that the data is safe even if someone gains the password, the user will generally have to be careful and keep the laptop besides him at all times or lock it in a glove compartment. When the instructor goes home he can either take it with him and store it at home carefully or leave it at the office in a safe place. As my system is only designed for one person the password on the system should be a sufficient security measure. TEST STRATEGY The system must be thoroughly tested to make sure that no errors occur the system is up and running. This is logical because if errors occur when the user starts to use the system, it can cost time to get it fixed. Hopefully if my testing strategy is good enough, it will not have any errors when it goes live. I am going to use bottom up testing, to test the system. This involves testing each individual module using prepared test data, which includes normal data, extreme data, upper and lower limits and individual data after this is done I will test the program to see if every route through the program is tested, every statement is executed, accuracy of the processing and that the program fits the original specification. This will make sure that the system is running correctly as this is basically using the whole system. I am also going to test the system in a beta testing method, although this will be a small scale. I am going to give the system to the user for a week just to make sure that everything works correctly. IMPLEMENTATION Login Screen Main Menu This is the main menu of my programme from here there are three options availability details and student details. Finally you can exit. Testing Test ID Test Data Test/Type Reason for test Expected Results Actual Results Data Entry 1. My system does conisit of tables and menus, both the student details and availability detail screens are very simple, it just displays details about these two entities. The booking screen is more complex because it needs to be live, so when the instructor makes a booking it needs to update on the next lesson booked screen and the availability screen. PROCEDURE AND VARIABLE LIST/ DESCRIPTIONS FOR PROGRAMS OR LIST OF PACKAGE ITEMS DEVELOPED Type of item Item Name Descriptions Table Student Details Holds all the details of the students that the instructor teaches, this includes first name, last name, address, phone number and the details of their next lesson that has been booked. Holds the details of all the available time slots in the coming fortnight, this allows the instructor only to see what is available, he can liaise with the student and once a slot is agreed a booking can be made. Form Make A Booking This form allows the user to make a booking for a lesson, he will need to enter the student number, and then first of all select a time and then the date. Once all these are selected the appointment is made. Form Next lesson Booked Has a list of students and the date and time of their next lesson, so the instructor can check on this if he receives a query from the student. CREATION AND CUSTOMISATION OF THE DATABASE TABLES I created all my tables in Microsoft access; I then linked it up to visual basics, The table below is the Student Details table. It consists of mostly text and one field of number, the reason that the telephone number is a text field rather than a number is because telephone numbers usually start with a 0 and if I put the data type as numbers then it will not let me add a 0 at the front. USER MANUAL BRIEF INTRODUCTION The instructor database is a simple system to handle bookings given to the instructor. The system allows the instructor to control appointments already made and allows him to make new appointments. It allows him to keep electronic records of all students, past and present. The students all have unique student numbers that the instructor can use to search for them. It stores details about students names, addresses, telephone numbers and the lessons they have booked. There is a very easy to use form that allows the instructor to make a booking. Microsoft Access 2007 or later. To install the system one must either move the file onto the hard disc of the computer. This can be done by selecting the file Instructor Database System and copying and pasting it into an empty folder on the hard disc, this maybe the best idea as there is a possibility a removable storage device could get lost or corrupt. This system could be also run from a removable storage device by opening the file and run it straight away. To back the system up the system the database file can be copied onto a USB pen or CD-R. When the system is going to be backed up, the file should be copied onto the USB pen, when this done a message box may appear asking if you want to replace the existing file just select yes or yes to all. This would mean that the backup would be separated from the main system, meaning less chance of losing both the original and the backup. USING THE SYSTEM Here is a simple short set of instructions to use the system. When the instructor opens up they will be asked to log on, The username at the moment is Ian and the password is Burleigh. Once they enter all these details correctly it allows them to use the system. Once the instructor logs on, he will come to the main menu of the system, I am going to show him to basic things in this tutorial, how to find the phone number of a student and then how to make a booking. Below is the main menu, to get to the student phone number he has to select the student details button, then the screen will have three buttons saying details, he can select any of these three, they all do the same job. Once that is selected at the screen below will appear, there are no details at the moment, but once show details button is pressed all the details will appear. The instructor now needs to press the back button until he arrives back at the main menu, and then select availability details. Then select make a booking. Once the make a booing screen appears first he has to select the date that he wants, then the time and finally the student number. Once that is done press save and then it is saved. Appraisal Comparision of project performance against objectives. To compare the objectives and the performance , I will put the original objectives down and compare against each one. General Objectives Security. The database will be able to create reports to show what stage the student is at   The database will calculate how many lessons a student has had and how much they have paid with plus if there are any outstanding balances remaining. My system is designed to help the instructor, the instructor has many problems with the current system, and many times it has cost him jobless hours. The current system is very old and has a lot of potential problems and I wish to make a system that eradicates these obvious problems. My system for a start will store the entire student details carefully and properly in line with all data protection acts. The main thing is that these details should not get lost and the instructor has access to this all the time so that he can contact the student at any time. The details should also be available so that it can be updated any time it needs to be. By having all these details stored onto the system it is kept safely and in one place rather than having paper forms lying about getting lost and muddled up, these forms will only be accessed only in one place so if the instructor needs these back in the office or at to work from at home then it is not possible to have multiple copies as it will not all be up to date. For example if a student changes the home phone number then the instructor will have to update every sheet of paper he has with the students phone number if he does not then it will be inconsistent and this can cause problems. The main reason for my proposal of this system is to ensure that the instructor does not continue double booking and not booking students at all. Currently at the end of a lesson the student asks for a booking and the instructor will look in his diary and book appropriately, many times what happens is the instructor looks at the wrong date, for example if the student asks for April 21st 2008 then the instructor may accidentally open may 21st 2008 and tell the student he is free. But in reality on that day an on that time he is busy.

Training And Development In Infosys Management Essay

Training And Development In Infosys Management Essay This essay aims to provide a critical review of Performance Management and Training and Development of HRM in a typical high-tech company: Infosys. Infosys is a Fortune 500 company which specializes in IT services. The company has clients all cross the world and provide expertise in various industry sectors. Infosys integrates its Performance Management and Training and Development to better facilitate its workforce and to help the firm achieve its strategic goals. 1.2 Aim of this essay This essay aims to provide a critical review of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys. It identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys, and provides proper recommendations for future improvement. 1.3 Structure of this essay Chapter 1 gives a brief background and the aim of the essay. Chapter 2 gives introduction of Infosys. Chapter 3 talks about Performance Management and how this part of HRM functions in Infosys. Chapter 4 deals with Training and Development and its function and role in Infosys. Chapter 5 provides a critical review of the Integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys. Chapter 6 offers some recommendations for future improvement of Infosys Training and Development as well as Performance Management. Chapter 7 is the conclusion of the whole essay. 2. Brief Introduction of Infosys Infosys was started in 1981 by seven people with US$ 250. Today, they are a global leader in consulting, technology and outsourcing with revenues of US$ 7.075 billion (LTM Q1 FY13). Many of the worlds most successful organizations rely on Infosys to deliver measurable business value. Infosys provides business consulting, technology, engineering and outsourcing services to help clients in over 30 countries build tomorrows enterprise. Infosys has a global footprint with 68 offices and 70 development centers in US, India, China, Australia, Japan, Middle East, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Poland, Canada and many other countries. Infosys and its subsidiaries have 151,151 employees as on June 30, 2012. Infosys helps companies derive the measurable business value that they have always been looking for from business and IT investments. The company delivesr measurable business value in 3 ways: 1. Transform Infosys can transform the fundamental shape of your business PL. Regardless of which team our clients engage with; the company has a best-practice process for delivering value. In Infosys it is called IMPACT to ensure a clear line of sight from process change to bottom-line impact, ensuring that you receive the business value you were promised. 2. Optimize Beyond transformation and innovation, it boils down to execution delivering on time, on budget and on value. Infosys can optimize clients core operations to drive best-in-class efficiency and help fund the transformation and innovation. 3. Innovate Infosys can inject a level of product and service innovation into clients business to create new revenue opportunities through collaboration and co-creation. The foundation of its innovation capability is our core lab network Infosys Labs and the new thinking that our team of over 600 researchers brings to the table. The Vision and Mission of Infosys are: Vision We will be a globally respected corporation. Mission Strategic Partnerships for Building Tomorrows Enterprise. 3. Performance Management and its Function in Infosys 3.1 Academic review of Performance Management Levit (2008) suggest that performance is a multi-layer structure, and depending on different measuring factors, the results may be different also. Thus, if we want to measure and manage performance, we must first define it and know exactly what performance management means. Usually performance management can be defined from three perspectives, and with different perspective, the contents, influencing factors and measuring methods that performance management includes differs. From the individual perspective, the definition of performance management has not come to a universal conclusion as various experts on HRM give their own definitions. At the current stage, there are two main views. One view believes that performance is equal to result; while another view suggests that performance equals behavior. Bernadin (1995) suggest that performance should be defined as the outcome of work, because these outcomes of work are closely related to organizational goals, strategies, customer satisfaction and investment. Kane (1996) points out that performance is the things that an individual leaves, and such things relatively independently exist. Hence, it is not difficult to see that the view of performance is equal to result believes that the outcomes that performan ce gets are the records of how well one employees work is. The relative concepts about performance results include: Accountabilities, Key Result Areas, Results, Duties, Tasks and Activities, Objectives, Goals or Targets, Outputs, Critical Success Factors. Nowadays, however, an increasing number people have accepted the concept that performance equals behavior, and they have posted challenges against the view of performance is equal to result. Campbell (1990) suggests that performance is a set of behaviors that are related to the organization that a person works for or the goals that the organization has. His definition of performance in 1993 is that performance is the synonym of behavior, and it is peoples actual behaviors and it can be observed and measured. Performance management is the process through which managers ensure that employees activities and outputs are congruent with the organizations goals. It is used to establish measures of performance to allow clear targets to be set and is a continuous process that enables us to improve delivery of business. Performance management plays a key role in Human Resources Management because an organizations performance goals are designed according to the organizations development plan, strategy and organizational goals. Today there are various tools for how to manage performance such as Balance I believe that in practical performance management, the broader concept of performance should be employed that is, the concept of performance should include both two aspects of behaviors and results. Such a perspective is well reflected in the definition of performance according to Brumbrach (1998): performance means results and behaviors. It tells us that when we conduct performance management, we should take into consideration of both input(behaviors) and output(results). Performance management should include the two aspects of what to do and how to do. 3.2 Performance Management in Infosys Infosys is a Fortune 500 company whose main service is in IT industry. Today it is the leading firm on the market providing various IT solutions to its clients. The business scope of Infosys ranges from Telecommunication, Banking, Financing, Retailing to Manufacturing. Like most international firms, Infosys has a matrix organizational structure. The companys base is in India, but it is not strictly the headquarter of the company. Its various braches across the world work together to reach the organizations strategic goals. The types of employees in Infosys are divided into two catalogues: regular employee and contractor. Thus, performance management in Infosys has two different management methods for regular employees and contractors. Infosys definition for Performance Management is that performance management is a constant, on-going process of communication. During this process, employees and managers reach a consensus on the following questions in forms of collaboration partners: Tasks that employees should complete; How can the work that employees do make contribution to realizing the companys goals; Use detailed content to describe how to do job well; How can employees and managers work together in order to help employees to improve their performance; how to measure performance; The obstacles that hinder the development of performance and how to conquer them. Meanwhile, Infosys believes that performance management is: The core part of the companys overall human resources strategy; One method to measure an individuals performance; Emphasis is put on the process of improving employees integrated skills; A tool to connect individual performance with the companys strategy and goals. There are three aspects in Infosys performance management: Performance Plan. In this part, managers and employees reach a consensus on following questions: What should employees do? How should work be completed? Why this work item should be done? When should this work item be done? Other relevant questions: working environment, capability, career prospects, training etc. During this process, managers and employees constantly communicate about above questions, and eventually sign on the records of their communication, and use it as the performance goals of the employees. These performance goals are the base of the whole performance management and performance measurement; thus they play a pivotal role in performance management. The process of setting performance goals usually takes a quarter of the year. Performance goals usually include two parts: one is Business Goals; the other is Behavior Standard. According to Pinson (2004), a business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals. business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, taxpayer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture, a 3 to 5 year business plan is required, since investors will look for their annual return in that timeframe. Infosys uses business goals as part of employees yearly performance goals, and they help enhance employees performance and help achieve organizational goals. 2. Constant Communication of Performance. Communication should be through the whole process of performance management. Only once or twice communication between employees and managers are far from enough, and it does not obey the principles of performance management. As Montana Charon (2008), a business can flourish when all objectives of the organization are achieved effectively. For efficiency in an organization, all the people of the organization must be able to convey their message properly. 3. Performance Appraisal Meeting. Infosys performance appraisal meeting is highly efficient, and it is normally held within an hour when all managers get together to discuss yearly performance evaluation. It mainly includes four aspects: 1) Employees self-evaluation; 2) Reaching a consensus on employees performance, according to facts instead of impressions; 3) Deciding performance levels; 4) It is not only to evaluate employees; it is also a good opportunity to solve problems. Cederblom (1982) suggests that a performance appraisal is typically conducted annually. The interview could function as providing feedback to employees, counseling and developing employees, and conveying and discussing compensation, job status, or disciplinary decisions. It is often included in performance management systems and performance management systems are employed to manage and align all of an organizations resources in order to achieve highest possible performance. 4. Training and Development and its Function in Infosys 4.1 Academic review of Training and Development Training and development (TD) is an indispensable part in human resource management, with the purpose of enhancing the performance of individuals and groups in organizations. Training and development has a number of names, such as human resource development, and learning and development. As to its definition, there are several popular explanations. According to Rothwell Kazanas (2004), training and development, part of human resource development, is the process of changing an organization, its employees, its stakeholders, and groups of people within it, using planned and unplanned learning, in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage for the organization. The main body of training and development is adults, and the way adults learn and develop is different from the way students do. Adults training has more specific purposes, and is usually more practical, with the aim to solve practical questions. Hence, the organization or department that are responsible for developing training programs need to know about theories of adult learning. In the 1950s, Malcolm Knowles developed a new theory for adult learning, which is called Andragogy. Andragogy is in the context of adult learners which is contrasted with definition of childs learning (called pedagogical learning). Michael (2007) suggests that the central idea in the context of adult learning is that it is only after convincing oneself of the rationale of learning that an adult will decide to (and be able to) learn. Hence, adults cannot be treated like children if one hopes to see learning. Therefore it is assumed that workshops and seminars organized by the students themselves create a better learning environment than those organized externally. This has led to a flurry of recent teaching innovations like student-led tutor groups and supplemental instruction programs led by above average students. Another important theory about training and development is Learning Organization which was created by Peter Senge. Pedler Boydell (1997) defines that a  learning organization  is the term given to a company that facilitates the learning of its members and continuously transforms itself. There is no a single model of learning organization. Learning organization is about an attitude toward or ideology of employee and organization and is a new way of thinking about organization. In leaning organization, everyone needs to identify and solve problems, so that the organization is able to constantly try new things, enhancing and improving its capability. The basic value of learning organization is solving problems, whereas in contrast, the focus of traditional organization is efficiency. In any learning organization, employees need to take part in identifying problems, which means that employees need to understand customers requirement. Employees also need to solve problems, and this m eans they need to think about customers requirement in a unique way. Learning organization enhances organizations value by new ideas and information, instead of material production. 4.2 Training and Development in Infosys Training and development is mainly carried out in Infosys by its HR department. Currently the whole company has more than 20,000 employees, and training and development has always been a key function of all HR department in all branches. The company is willing to provide excellent training opportunities for its employees. Though the leading department of training and development in Infosys is its HR department, other departments also take part in and collaborate with HR department. Training and development is carried out by HR personals according to various requirements of different departments which are located in different geographic locations. There are training and development specialists who are responsible for certain training contents, such as technology, business knowledge, company policies, marketing etc. HR department plans yearly training and development schedule together with experts from other departments, and is responsible for carrying out these training schedules. Training courses in Infosys are presented by subject matter experts(SMEs) in the company or by experts from other organizations and universities. Training specialists need to record teachers performance during the training sessions. After training sessions, feedback from employees are collected and analyzed, in order to better the quality and efficiency of the companys training programs. The company creates its training policies which is part of the companys HR policies. And violation of training policies will be reported to the employees reporting manager. This ensures the quality of training and development in Infosys. Training and development plays an important function in Infosys daily operation and strategy development. The HR department divides training and development mainly into four levels. The first level is for senior management and candidate senior management; the second level is for normal employees and normal managers; the third level is for first-line sales personals; the forth level is for new hires and fresh graduates. According to the needs and requirements of different levels, training sessions are designed by different teams. Garavan, Costine, and Heraty (1995) notes that training and development (TD) encompasses three main activities: training, education, and development and that these ideas are often considered to be synonymous. In Infosys, training and development can also be view from these three parts: 1. Training: This activity is both focused on the job tasks that an employee currently handles. It is usually conducted through the form of classroom training, on-the-job training, and competition in Infosys. 2. Education: This activity focuses upon the jobs that an employee may potentially handle in the future. Infosys provides books and self-pace learning courses for such activity, and employees have more flexibility to study on their own paces and they can choose to learn during work time or at weekends. 3. Development: This activity focuses on the activities that the organization employing the individual. In Infosys, every new employee needs to attend the New Hire Orientation Development Program within the first three month after they are employed by the company. Such activity helps new employees know about the corporate culture, policies, dress code and so on and so forth. At the end of each year, Infosys holds several lectures to summarize the whole training and development programs in the passing year, identifying any problems and figuring out solutions to these problems. This helps HR department better plan next years training programs, thus helping the company achieve its short-term and long-term strategic goals. 5. Integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys 5.1 How Performance Management and Training and Development work together in Infosys In Infosys, Performance Management and Training and Development are closely linked. The company creates a computer-based system to manage performance and career development of staff. It is easy for managers to see at what level the employee is currently performing and what kind of training the employee needs to take. This system also helps with a staff training and development strategy to enable employees to help them progress to the top level possible in their current job. It can also provide guidance about the possibility of further training and/or mentoring to assist them to develop their career within the organisation. Employees performance is evaluated according to several aspects, and among these aspects, employees training and development is taken into consideration and could affect employees final performance appraisal. Infosys require its regular employees to take at least five training sessions in one years, to make sure every employee is equipped with latest skills and knowledge so that they can better make contribution to the company and help the company achieve its strategy goals. Employees need to complete the Job Skills Workbook which includes the skills that employees must have to complete their job tasks. This workbook is used as the basis for the performance evaluation. Both employees and managers will have to agree on the type of skills that are included in the Job Skills Workbook and which training level the employee needs to take. Besides, a group of employees can work together to identify their individual and collective training and development goals. Then these goals will be disc ussed with training specialists and their managers, and HR department will try to arrange according training programs for these employees. This, without a doubt, strengthens the companys capability and improves productivity. In Infosys, several activities are undertaken each year in order to develop key skill elements identified. These could include new work experiences, responsibilities and challenges, mentoring, coaching or more formal training. Once identified, these elements will also be included in the performance evaluation of employees. So training and development help identify new skills and responsibilities of employees, and performance management functions as a monitor and evaluation mechanism for these new training and development needs. After training sessions, the manager or team leader needs to provide the employee with feedback about their current performance and their goals for the next agreed time period which is usually one year. Finally, at the end of the agreed time period the employee needs to once again talk with his or her manager or team leader and discuss how they have performed and whether there are any changes in their training and development schedule. 5.2 Strength and Weakness of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys Such integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys has several strengthens: 1. It creates a multi-level mechanism for performance management. By discussing with managers about what kind of skills and performance employees agree to achieve in advance, employees can know clearly what both them and their managers expect from them. Employees can attend various training programs to reach their goals and use what they have learned in their daily jobs, thus improving their productivity and job performance. 2. Employees have more choices about what they want to develop in Infosys and what their career paths are. The value of Infosys is to make every customer satisfied. It is only through excellent work that the company can win high trust from customers. When Performance Management and Training and Development work closely together in Infosys, each employee can have the choice to decide which career path they like to take, such as technical experts, people managers or delivery managers etc. With a clear target and purpose in mind, employees are more motivated to take training and development programs provided by the company and their learning results are later directly reflected in performance evaluation in performance management of the company. On the other hand, however, there are some weakness of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys: 1. It puts too much focus on job skills but ignores management skills. Infosys is a large international company and its services in IT industry are among the best. The company focuses too much on the skills of its first-line employees, and almost 80% of the training and development program are about job skills. The performance evaluation of employees also mainly evaluates what new skills employees have learned through such training programs and how they perform. But in the long run, management skills are also required by employees as some of them are potential managers in the future. 2. The training sessions in Infosys are only for regular employees, not for contractors. So the result is that contractors, that occupy more than 40% of all employees, cannot receive proper training in time. Because contractors are not allowed to participate in the training and development activities, when they discuss with their managers about their performance evaluation, there is no section for training and development. This hinders contractors from developing their skills and could probably hinder the companys strategy development in the long run. 6. Recommendations Based on the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of Performance Management and Training and Development in Infosys, these recommendations could be taken into consideration when the management makes future decisions. 1. Management skills should also be included in Infosys training and development activities, and more first-line employee should have access to it. These employees would become managers in the future, and providing proper training programs on management skills would enhance their productivity and make their work more efficient and effective. 2. Training and development should cover contractors. In Infosys, there are two types of employees: regular employees and contractors. Currently most training and development programs are for regular employees only. By providing contractors the same training and development opportunities, the overall workforce of Infosys can be strengthen, and the companys productivity on the whole can be enhanced. 7. Conclusion This essay reviews both the Performance Management and Training and Development in the company of Infosys. It first provides academic review of the concepts and theories of Performance Management and Training and Development in HRM, then links the concepts and theories with the actual case of Infosys. It provides a critical review of how Performance Management and Training and Development work together in Infosys and analyzes the strengthens and weaknesses of these two HRM functions integrating in Infosys and provides relative recommendations.